RACE, MILIEU, AND MOMENT IN “TITANIC” BY JAMES CAMERON: HISTORICAL APPROACH

Literary criticism is defined as a science and try to investigate literary work with analyse and comparison. The purpose of this study is to get some information and to identify the race milieu and moment in literary work. Outlined Hipollyte Taine perspective in three concepts, namely (1) race, (2) Milieu, and (3) Moment. This phenomenon occurs in Titanic film by James Cameron. The researcher using Qualitative descriptive methods to analyse race, milieu and moment in Titanic film by James Cameron. The data collected by recording the data. Data analysed using Hippolyte Taine and Guerin theory for historical biographical approach. The result of analysis found that the disparity in the status of ship passengers for the poorer and upper classes is depicted in James Cameron's film Titanic as evidence of social class inequality. Because of his act of obtaining an award despite being in the lower class, Jack, as a class representative, does not have the right to be considered a person at the bottom. Mileu pits the position of social class against the community, which is backed up by the class division. Meanwhile, Moment is viewed through the lens of a social class that exists between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, as evidenced by the numerous forms of discrimination discovered.

Novel Fusarium Wilt Resistance Genes Uncovered in the Wild Progenitors and Heirloom Cultivars of Strawberry

Fusarium wilt, a soilborne disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, poses a significant threat to strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) production in many parts of the world. This pathogen causes wilting, collapse, and death in susceptible genotypes. We previously identified a dominant gene (FW1) on chromosome 2B that confers resistance to race 1 of the pathogen and hypothesized that gene-for-gene resistance to Fusarium wilt was widespread in strawberry. To explore this, a genetically diverse collection of heirloom and modern cultivars and wild octoploid ecotypes were screened for resistance to Fusarium wilt races 1 and 2. Here we show that resistance to both races is widespread and that resistance to race 1 is mediated by dominant genes (FW1, FW2, FW3, FW4, and FW5) on three non-homoeologous chromosomes (1A, 2B, and 6B). The resistance proteins encoded by these genes are not yet known; however, plausible candidates were identified that encode pattern recognition receptor or other proteins known to mediate gene-for-gene resistance in plants. High-throughput genotyping assays for SNPs in linkage disequilibrium with FW1-FW5 were developed to facilitate marker-assisted selection and accelerate the development of race 1 resistant cultivars. This study laid the foundation for identifying the genes encoded by FW1-FW5, in addition to exploring the genetics of resistance to race 2 and other races of the pathogen, as a precaution to averting a Fusarium wilt pandemic.

Effectiveness of Acupuncture in the Treatment of Neurodermatitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Review question / Objective: Effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of neurodermatitis: a systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Condition being studied: Neurodermatitis is a skin disease with severe itching and recurring episodes. This study explores the clinical efficacy of acupuncture and moxibustion in the treatment of neurodermatitisNeurodermatitis is a severe itching and recurring skin disease. Eligibility criteria: Inclusion criteria: (1) Participants: The subject is a clinically diagnosed neurodermatitis patient. There are no restrictions on language, age, gender, country, or race. (2) Research type: randomized controlled experiment. (3) Intervention: mainly acupuncture and moxibustion. And compared with the control group. (4) Control group: with drug treatment or no treatment. (5) Results: No itching, the symptoms disappeared, and the skin lesions returned to normal. Exclusion criteria: (1) Other traditional Chinese methods. (2) Exclude duplicate publications and research with incomplete data. (3) Use acupuncture plus other drugs. (4) Discussion on the exclusion theory.

Comparative transcriptomic analysis of races 1, 2, 5 and 6 of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. pisi in a susceptible pea host identifies differential pathogenicity profiles

Background The fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. pisi (Fop) causes Fusarium wilt in peas. There are four races globally: 1, 2, 5 and 6 and all of these races are present in Australia. Molecular infection mechanisms have been studied in a few other F. oxysporum formae speciales; however, there has been no transcriptomic Fop-pea pathosystem study. Results A transcriptomic study was carried out to understand the molecular pathogenicity differences between the races. Transcriptome analysis at 20 days post-inoculation revealed differences in the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the Fop races potentially involved in fungal pathogenicity variations. Most of the DEGs in all the races were engaged in transportation, metabolism, oxidation-reduction, translation, biosynthetic processes, signal transduction, proteolysis, among others. Race 5 expressed the most virulence-associated genes. Most genes encoding for plant cell wall degrading enzymes, CAZymes and effector-like proteins were expressed in race 2. Race 6 expressed the least number of genes at this time point. Conclusion Fop races deploy various factors and complex strategies to mitigate host defences to facilitate colonisation. This investigation provides an overview of the putative pathogenicity genes in different Fop races during the necrotrophic stage of infection. These genes need to be functionally characterised to confirm their pathogenicity/virulence roles and the race-specific genes can be further explored for molecular characterisation.

Big Data from the South(s)

Datafication—through which many aspects of social life are transformed into data—is usually equated with a more efficient use of resources and improved state–citizen relations. But it can have negative consequences on those at the margins of society, such as refugees, racialized individuals, gig workers, and citizens of countries with scant respect for human rights. How can we understand the ways in which the disempowered are impacted by and resist datafication? This essay presents an analytical matrix to study data at the margins. The matrix identifies three components of data at the margins: (1) infrastructure, emphasizing the material dimension; (2) practices, pinpointing agency in people’s encounters with datafication; and (3) imaginaries, that is, the cultural and symbolic facets of data at the margins. The matrix offers also three lenses of interpretation through which to observe the components: (1) decoloniality and race, (2) intersectionality and feminism, and (3) the “pluriverse.” Together, they help in questioning datafication and why certain social groups are oppressed while uncovering pathways toward justice and equality.

Comparative Whole-Genome Sequence Analyses of Fusarium Wilt Pathogen (Foc R1, STR4 and TR4) Infecting Cavendish (AAA) Bananas in India, with a Special Emphasis on Pathogenicity Mechanisms

Fusarium wilt is caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) and is the most serious disease affecting bananas (Musa spp.). The fungus is classified into Foc race 1 (R1), Foc race 2, and Foc race 4 based on host specificity. As the rate of spread and the ranges of the devastation of the Foc races exceed the centre of the banana’s origin, even in non-targeted cultivars, there is a possibility of variation in virulence-associated genes. Therefore, the present study investigates the genome assembly of Foc races that infect the Cavendish (AAA) banana group in India, specifically those of the vegetative compatibility group (VCG) 0124 (race 1), 0120 (subtropical race 4), and 01213/16 (tropical race 4). While comparing the general features of the genome sequences (e.g., RNAs, GO, SNPs, and InDels), the study also looked at transposable elements, phylogenetic relationships, and virulence-associated effector genes, and sought insights into race-specific molecular mechanisms of infection based on the presence of unique genes. The results of the analyses revealed variations in the organisation of genome assembly and virulence-associated genes, specifically secreted in xylem (SIX) genes, when compared to their respective reference genomes. The findings contributed to a better understanding of Indian Foc genomes, which will aid in the development of effective Fusarium wilt management techniques for various Foc VCGs in India and beyond.

Cultivating Nonidolatrous Self-Esteem with Youth

Christian understandings of the personhood and work of Jesus Christ can be used to justify violence by those in power and encourage passivity in the face of oppression. Shifting Christological images that cultivate nonidolatrous self-esteem, however, can teach youth how to build peace and resist injustice. A youth ministry that seeks to contribute to peacebuilding must become intentional about implicit and explicit portrayals of Jesus Christ. This essay explores five facets of Jesus’ personhood and work to reconsider—Jesus’ 1) race; 2) gender; 3) religion; 4) suffering; and 5) return—and suggests ways youth ministers can engage in theologically-rooted, peacebuilding youth ministry.

Optimizing seedling screening method for anthracnose resistance in watermelon

Among three races of Colletotrichum orbiculare, causes of anthracnose of cucurbits, screening for race 2 resistance was studied under greenhouse conditions at various inoculum concentrations and rated plants on different days post inoculation (DPI). The objectives of this study were optimizing inoculum concentration and phenotyping DPI for seedling resistance. Five inoculum concentrations were compared (2.5 x 104, 5 x 104, 1 x 105, 2.5 x 105, and 5 x 105 conidial spore ml-1). Four watermelon genotypes, ‘Black Diamond’, ‘Charleston Gray 133’, PI 543210, PI 189225, and two cucumber genotypes, ‘Marketer’, and ‘H19 Little Leaf’ were evaluated. Disease was recorded on the percentage of cotyledon area lesion (PCL), severity of hypocotyl lesion (SHL), severity of petiole lesion (SPL), percentage of leaf area lesion (PLL), as well as a disease index (INDX) from 5 to 14 DPI. There was a significant difference among genotypes and inoculum concentrations. The resistant PI 189225 was significantly different (P < 0.05) from the highly susceptible PI 543210. Inoculum 1 x 105 spore ml-1 was at par with 5 x 105 and 2.5 x 105 but significantly different from 5 x 104 and 2.5 x 104 for AUDPS PLL, AUDPS INDX, AUDPS SPL, and AUDPS SHL. Inoculum at 1 x 105 spore ml-1 was the most optimal to differentiate germplasm. Genotype plus genotype-by-environment (GGE) biplot showed that PLL was a representative trait. A single PLL rating on 9 DPI would optimize resources for screening a large set of germplasm for anthracnose resistance in a watermelon breeding program.

New Mexico Chile pepper producers are affected by a diverse Verticillium dahliae population that includes many race 2 strains that break Ve1 mediated resistance.

Chile pepper is an important crop in in New Mexico both for its cultural heritage and its cash receipts. Vericillium dahliae caused wilt is one of the largest constraints on chile production in Southern NM. Identification of natural resistance sources, like the Ve locus used in commercial tomato lines, would be a significant help to NM chile growers. Understanding the diversity and race structure of V. dahliea affecting chile production in NM is a necessary first step toward identifying and deploying genetic resistance in chile peppers. Here we report race characterization and diversity studies which show that NM is affected by a diverse population of V. dahliae strains, and many of which overcome the Ve mediated resistance in tomato. The results of this work suggest that Ve like resistance, either discovered within the chile gene pool or introduced from tomato via genetic engineering, is unlikely to be useful for generating chile cultivars resistant to Verticillium wilt.