scholarly journals Alternative Hosts of Cercospora beticola in Field Surveys and Inoculation Trials

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (8) ◽  
pp. 1983-1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noel L. Knight ◽  
Niloofar Vaghefi ◽  
Julie R. Kikkert ◽  
Sarah J. Pethybridge
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Carthamus Tinctorius ◽  
Cercospora Beticola ◽  
Cercospora Leaf Spot ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Alternative Hosts ◽  
Brassica Kaber

Cercospora beticola, the cause of Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) of sugar beet and table beet, has a broad range of potential alternative hosts. The role of these hosts as inoculum sources in the field is unclear and has had limited investigation since the advent of DNA-based pathogen identification. The presence of C. beticola on alternative hosts associated with table beet fields of New York was assessed in field surveys during 2016. Lesions were collected, and 71 cercosporoid conidia were isolated for phylogenetic comparison. C. beticola was identified from Solanum ptycanthum (n = 4), Chenopodium album (n = 2), and Spinacia oleracea (n = 1), whereas C. chenopodii was identified on Chenopodium album (n = 51). Artificial inoculation of 21 plants species demonstrated that C. beticola was pathogenic to Brassica kaber, Chenopodium album, Carthamus tinctorius, Rumex obtusifolius, and Spinacia oleracea. These results indicate that although C. beticola may be pathogenic to a range of plant species, the role of symptomatic tissue for inoculum production on alternative hosts in the field appears limited. Observations of C. beticola on necrotic and naturally senescent tissue suggest saprophytic survival on plant debris of a range of species, which has implications for CLS epidemics and disease management.

scholarly journals Temporal Genetic Differentiation of Cercospora beticola Populations in New York Table Beet Fields

Plant Disease ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (11) ◽  
pp. 2074-2082 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noel L. Knight ◽  
Niloofar Vaghefi ◽  
Zachariah R. Hansen ◽  
Julie R. Kikkert ◽  
Sarah J. Pethybridge
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Genotypic Diversity ◽  
Cercospora Beticola ◽  
Multilocus Genotype ◽  
Cercospora Leaf Spot ◽  
Corrected Data

Annual epidemics of Cercospora leaf spot (CLS), caused by the fungus Cercospora beticola, can result in substantial defoliation in table beet fields in New York. High allelic and genotypic diversity have been described within C. beticola populations; however, information on the temporal stability of populations is lacking. C. beticola isolates were obtained from symptomatic leaves in three table beet fields in successive years. Two of the fields were organic mixed-cropping farms and the third was managed conventionally in a broad-acre cropping system. C. beticola isolates (n = 304) were genotyped using 12 microsatellite markers. Genotypic diversity (Simpson’s complement index = 0.178 to 0.990), allele frequencies, and indices of differentiation between years varied. Pairwise index of differentiation values ranged from 0.02 to 0.25 for clone-corrected data, and indicated significant genetic differentiation at Farm 2. No multilocus genotype was shared between years. The shift in multilocus genotypes between years questions the role of clonally reproducing primary inoculum. Collectively, these results suggest that a dominant inoculum source for initiating annual CLS epidemics is external to the field of interest. These findings have implications for CLS disease management in conventional and organic table beet production.

scholarly journals Genotypic Diversity and Resistance to Azoxystrobin of Cercospora beticola on Processing Table Beet in New York

Plant Disease ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (7) ◽  
pp. 1466-1473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niloofar Vaghefi ◽  
Frank S. Hay ◽  
Julie R. Kikkert ◽  
Sarah J. Pethybridge
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Microsatellite Loci ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Allelic Diversity ◽  
Genotypic Diversity ◽  
Cercospora Beticola ◽  
Mating Types ◽  
Cercospora Leaf Spot ◽  
Quinone Outside Inhibitor

Cercospora leaf spot (CLS), caused by Cercospora beticola, is one of the major diseases affecting productivity and profitability of beet production worldwide. Fungicides are critical for the control of this disease and one of the most commonly used products is the quinone outside inhibitor (QOI) azoxystrobin. In total, 150 C. beticola isolates were collected from two commercial processing table beet fields in Batavia, NY in 2014. The mating types of the entire population were determined, and genetic diversity of a subset of samples (n = 48) was assessed using five microsatellite loci. Sensitivity to azoxystrobin was tested using a spore germination assay. The cytochrome b gene was sequenced to check for the presence of point mutations known to confer QOI resistance in fungi. High allelic diversity (He = 0.50) and genotypic diversity (D* = 0.96), gametic equilibrium of the microsatellite loci, and equal ratios of mating types were suggestive of a mixed mode of reproduction for C. beticola. Resistance to azoxystrobin was prevalent because 41% of the isolates had values for effective concentrations reducing spore germination by 50% (EC50) > 0.2 μg/ml. The G143A mutation, known to cause QOI resistance in C. beticola, was found in isolates with EC50 values between 0.207 and 19.397 μg/ml. A single isolate with an EC50 of 0.272 μg/ml carried the F129L mutation, known to be associated with low levels of QOI resistance in fungi. This is the first report of the F129L mutation in C. beticola. The implications of these findings for the epidemiology and control of CLS in table beet fields in New York are discussed.

Lettuce mosaic virus. [Distribution map].

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Carthamus Tinctorius ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Lettuce Mosaic Virus ◽  
Eustoma Grandiflorum

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Lettuce mosaic virus. Virus: Potyviridae: Potyvirus. Main hosts: chicory (Cichorium intybus), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), chickpeas (Cicer arietinum), endives (Cichorium endivia), Lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum), pea (Pisum sativum) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, France, Mainland France, Germany, Greece, Crete, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Mainland Italy, Sicily, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Mainland Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Scotland), Asia (China, Hubei, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Zhejiang, India, Delhi, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Hokkaido, Honshu, Jordan, Lebanon, Malaysia, Syria, Taiwan, Turkey, Yemen), Africa (Egypt, Ghana, Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Tunisia, Zambia, Zimbabwe), North America (Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Mexico, USA, California, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Wisconsin), Central America and Caribbean (Jamaica), South America (Argentina, Brazil, Sao Paulo, Chile, Ecuador, Uruguay), Oceania (Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia, New Zealand).

38. Max Brodel (1870-1941): His artistic influence on surgical learning at John Hopkins Medical School

2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
P. Pace-Asciak ◽  
T. Gelfand
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Neck Surgery ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
Medical Illustration ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Teaching Anatomy ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Pathological Disease

Medical students depend on illustration to learn anatomical facts and details that may be too subtle for the written or spoken word. For surgical disciplines, learners rely on tools such as language, 2-dimensional illustrations, and 3-dimensional models to pass on important concepts. Although a photograph can convey factual information, illustration can highlight and educate the pertinent details for understanding surgical procedures, neurovascular structures, and the pathological disease processes. In order to understand the current role of medical illustration in education, one needs to look to the past to see how art has helped solve communication dilemmas when learning medicine. This paper focuses on Max Brodel (1870-1941), a German-trained artist who eventually immigrated to the United States to pursue his career as a medical illustrator. Shortly after his arrival in Baltimore, Brodel made significant contributions to medical illustration in Gynecology at John Hopkins University, and eventually in other fields of medicine such as Urology and Otolaryngology. Brodel is recognized as one of America’s most distinguished medical illustrators for creating innovative artistic techniques and founding the profession of medical illustration. Today, animated computer based art is synergistically used with medical illustration to educate students about anatomy. Some of the changes that have occurred with the advancement of computer technology will be highlighted and compared to a century ago, when illustrations were used for teaching anatomy due to the scarcity of cadavers. Schultheiss D, Udo J. Max Brodel (1870-1941) and Howard A.Kelly (1858-1943) – Urogynecology and the birth of modern medical illustration. European Journal of Obstetrics & gynecology and Reproductive Biology 1999; 86:113-115. Crosby C. Max Brodel: the man who put art into medicine. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1991. Papel ID. Max Brodel’s contributions to otolaryngology – Head and Neck surgery. The American Journal of Otology 1986; 7(6):460-469.

Neoliberalism, Law and its Discontents: Three Recent Interventions

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravi Malhotra
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Princeton University ◽  
The Law

Honor Brabazon, ed. Neoliberal Legality: Understanding the Role of law in the neoliberal project (New York: Routledge, 2017). 214pp. Paperback.$49.95 Katharina Pistor. The Code of Capital: How the Law Creates Wealth and Inequality (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2019). 297 pp. Hardcover.$29.95 Astra Taylor. Democracy May Not Exist, but We'll Miss It When It's Gone (New York: Metropolitan Books--Macmillan, 2019). Hardcover$27.00

Wilfred Ethier. Modern International Economics. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. 1983. xviii + 588 pp.

1988 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-83
Author(s):  
Nadeem A. Burney
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
New York ◽  
Economic Theory ◽  
International Economics ◽  
International Monetary System ◽  
International Markets ◽  
The Past ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
Recent Developments

Its been long recognized that various economies of the world are interlinked through international trade. The experience of the past several years, however, has demonstrated that this economic interdependence is far greater than was previously realized. In this context, the importance of international economic theory as an area distinct from general economics hardly needs any mentioning. What gives international economic theory this distinction is international markets for some goods and effects of national sovereignty on the character of economic activity. Wilfred Ethier's book, which incorporates recent developments in the field, is an excellent addition to textbooks on international economics for one- or twosemester undergraduate courses. The book mostly covers standard topics. A distinguishing feature of this book is its detailed analysis of the flexible exchange rates and a discussion of the various approaches used for their determination. Within each chapter, the author has extensively used facts, figures and major events to clarify the concepts in the light of the theoretical framework. The book also discusses, in a fair amount of detail, the existing international monetary system and the role of various international organizations.

On the Damage of Cercospora Leaf Spot of Sugar Beets Caused by Cercospora beticola Sacc.

1968 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Wataru IIDA ◽  
Kazuichi KUDO ◽  
Takashi KIMIGAFUKURO
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Cercospora Beticola ◽  
Cercospora Leaf Spot ◽  
Sugar Beets
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