scholarly journals First Report of Laurel Wilt Disease Caused by Raffaelea lauricola on Spicebush in Louisiana

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabiu Olatinwo ◽  
Jaesoon Hwang ◽  
Wood Johnson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Large Subunit ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Laurel Wilt ◽  
First Report ◽  
Raffaelea Lauricola ◽  
Laurel Wilt Disease

In the past two decades, laurel wilt disease has significantly affected members of the Lauraceae in the southeast United States, causing widespread mortality of native redbay (Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng), and incidence of infections in avocado (Persea americana Mill.), sassafras (Sassafras albidum L.) and swamp bay (Persea palustris [Raf.] Sarg.) (Fraedrich et al., 2008, 2015, Olatinwo, et al. 2019). Laurel wilt is a vascular disease caused by Raffaelea lauricola (T.C. Harr., Fraedrich & Aghayeva), a fungus vectored by a non-native ambrosia beetle Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff (Fraedrich et al. 2008). In August 2020, we investigated the mortality of a spicebush shrub (Lindera benzoin L.) (3.8 cm diameter at root collar, two m height) located ca. 17 mi northeast of Colfax, Grant Parish, Louisiana (31.750263° N, -92.643694° W). Evaluation of the dead shrub revealed brown, persistent foliage, and black vascular discoloration of the sapwood, typical symptoms of laurel wilt (Fig. S1). Although, beetle holes were observed on the sapwood, no beetle was found in galleries at the time. In the laboratory, a fungus consistently isolated from surface-sterilized sapwood tissues plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) was identified as R. lauricola based on the morphological characteristics of the isolate (i.e., mucoid growth, conidiophores, and oblong/ovoid shape conidia [Harrington et al. 2008]). The fungal isolate was denoted as SB1. The identity of the fungus was confirmed by positive PCR amplification of the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene region using species-specific primers; rab-lsu-rl_F: CCCTCGCGGCGTATTATAG and rab-lsu-rl_R: GCGGGGCTCCTACTCAAA (Olatinwo, unpublished). The sequence of the isolate SB1 (GenBank Accession no. MW207371) showed 100% homology to the R. lauricola strain CBS 127349 sequence (GenBank Accession no. MH877933). The pathogenicity of SB1 on spicebush was evaluated on four healthy shrubs (average: 1 m height and 40 mm in diameter) at the location from which the original detection was made. Stems of two spicebush shrubs were inoculated with SB1 agar plugs from a 14-day old culture on PDA, while plain PDA plugs were used on the remaining two shrubs as non-inoculated controls. Agar plugs were placed in 5 mm (0.2 in) diameter hole punched on the bark with cork-borer as described by Mayfield et al (2008). After six weeks, the R. lauricola inoculated shrubs were wilted with noticeable blackened tissue discoloration in the sapwood, while the control trees remained healthy (Fig. S2). Raffaelea lauricola was re-isolated from tissue of the two inoculated, symptomatic shrubs, but not from the control trees. The sequence of the re-isolated R. lauricola isolate, denoted as SB3 (GenBank Accession no. MW207372), showed 100% homology to the R. lauricola strain CBS 127349 and isolate SB1. This first documentation of laurel wilt on spicebush in Louisiana is significant because, spicebush berries, leaves, and twigs are food sources for forest animals, birds, and insects including whitetail deer and spicebush swallowtail (Papilio troilus L.). Since its first report on sassafras in 2014 (Fraedrich et al. 2015), laurel wilt has spread across Louisiana on sassafras and swamp bay (Olatinwo et al. 2019) and has been confirmed in14 parishes. This report shows the relentless nature of the disease, as the pathogen moves from one vulnerable host to the next, expanding into new locations and threatening forest ecosystems across the southern United States.

scholarly journals First Report of Raffaelea canadensis Causing Laurel Wilt Disease Symptoms on Avocado in California

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (9) ◽  
pp. 1189-1189 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Eskalen ◽  
V. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Necrotic Tissue ◽  
Laurel Wilt ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
First Report ◽  
Raffaelea Lauricola ◽  
Laurel Wilt Disease ◽  
Redbay Ambrosia Beetle

Laurel wilt disease is a newly described vascular disease of redbay (Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng.) and other members of the Lauraceae family in the southeastern United States. The disease, caused by the fungus Raffaelea lauricola and vectored by a nonnative redbay ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff), was first detected in Georgia in 2003 (1). Laurel wilt has caused extensive mortality of native redbay in Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, and recently, Mississippi. The avocado, Persea americana, is in the Lauraceae family and has been shown to be susceptible to the laurel wilt pathogen in Florida (3). The potential spread of this pathogen into California is of concern to the commercial avocado industry. During a survey in 2010 in a Temecula, CA avocado orchard with a history of root rot, an avocado (cv. Hass) tree with a diameter at breast height (DBH) of 45 cm was found to be showing typical laurel wilt disease symptoms. The crown was approximately 80% declined and exhibited dead branches without leaves. Black-to-brown discolored sapwood under the bark and many ambrosia beetle exit holes within 1 to 1.5 m up the bole were also observed. A Raffaelea sp. was consistently isolated from symptomatic branch tissue (from two different branches) plated onto cycloheximide-streptomycin malt agar (2) and incubated at room temperature for 2 weeks. Small subunit (18S) sequences of rDNA (approximately 1,150 bp) of three Raffaelea isolates were amplified using primers NS1 and NS4 (4) and deposited into GenBank under Accession Nos. JF327799, JF327800, and JF327801. A BLASTn search of all three sequences revealed high homology (98, 99, and 98% respectively) to an accession of R. canadensis associated with a species of ambrosia beetle (GenBank Accession No. AY858665). Pathogenicity testing was conducted by pipetting 50 μl of a 105 conidia per ml suspension of each of two isolates (UCR1080 and UCR1081) into five 2-mm-diameter holes on each of two avocado (cv. Hass) trees (10 to 15 cm DBH). Isolate UCR1080 was inoculated into three holes on Tree 1 and two holes on Tree 2. Isolate UCR1081 was inoculated into two holes on Tree 1 and three holes on Tree 2. Sterile water was used as a control in five 2-mm-diameter holes on each tree. Holes were drilled to the cambium within 1 to 2 m up the bole using a 0.157-cm electric drill. Four months later, phloem tissue was peeled back, lesion lengths were measured, and pieces of necrotic tissue were cultured for completion of Koch's postulates. R. canadensis was consistently reisolated from necrotic tissue but not from control treatments. To our knowledge, this is the first report of R. canadensis associated with wilt on avocado in California. R. canadensis is closely related to R. lauricola, however, its impact on the California avocado industry is unknown at this time. References: (1) S. W. Fraedrich et al. Plant Dis. 92:215, 2008. (2) T. C. Harrington et al. Mycotaxon 111:337, 2010. (3) A. E. Mayfield et al. Plant Dis. 92:976, 2008. (4) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990.

scholarly journals Potential Economic Impact of Laurel Wilt Disease on the Florida Avocado Industry

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 234-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward A. Evans ◽  
Jonathan Crane ◽  
Alan Hodges ◽  
Jason L. Osborne
Keyword(s):  
Regional Economy ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Laurel Wilt ◽  
Raffaelea Lauricola ◽  
Laurel Wilt Disease ◽  
The Impact

This article describes and provides preliminary estimates of the potential economic losses that could result from an incursion of the recently discovered exotic laurel wilt disease caused by Raffaelea lauricola, in the main avocado (Persea americana) growing area of Florida. Estimates are provided for the direct losses as well as the indirect or “spillover” losses that could occur across the rest of the regional economy. The Impact Analysis for Planning (IMPLAN) input-output multipliers were used in assessing the regional impacts. The results of the investigation indicate that the direct loss to the industry in terms of lost sales, property damage, and increased management costs could range from $356 million in a do-nothing situation to about $183 million if damage control measure were 50% effective. If increased management costs and decreased property values are ignored, the adverse impact on the regional economy could range from $54 million in a do-nothing situation to $27 million in a case in which the treatments result in only a 50% reduction in avocado production.

scholarly journals First Report of Laurel Wilt Disease Caused by Raffaelea lauricola on Sassafras in North Carolina

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Mayfield ◽  
C. Villari ◽  
J. L. Hamilton ◽  
J. Slye ◽  
W. Langston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Laurel Wilt ◽  
First Report ◽  
Raffaelea Lauricola ◽  
Laurel Wilt Disease

First Report of Laurel Wilt Disease Caused by Raffaelea lauricola on Swamp Bay in Louisiana

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (7) ◽  
pp. 1777
Author(s):  
R. Olatinwo ◽  
J. Hwang ◽  
W. Johnson ◽  
S. W. Fraedrich
Keyword(s):  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Laurel Wilt ◽  
First Report ◽  
Raffaelea Lauricola ◽  
Laurel Wilt Disease

scholarly journals Laurel Wilt: Current and Potential Impacts and Possibilities for Prevention and Management

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 181
Author(s):  
Rabiu O. Olatinwo ◽  
Stephen W. Fraedrich ◽  
Albert E. Mayfield
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Laurel Wilt ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Invasive Insects ◽  
Raffaelea Lauricola ◽  
Redbay Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
The Impact

In recent years, outbreaks of nonnative invasive insects and pathogens have caused significant levels of tree mortality and disturbance in various forest ecosystems throughout the United States. Laurel wilt, caused by the pathogen Raffaelea lauricola (T.C. Harr., Fraedrich and Aghayeva) and the primary vector, the redbay ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff), is a nonnative pest-disease complex first reported in the southeastern United States in 2002. Since then, it has spread across eleven southeastern states to date, killing hundreds of millions of trees in the plant family Lauraceae. Here, we examine the impacts of laurel wilt on selected vulnerable Lauraceae in the United States and discuss management methods for limiting geographic expansion and reducing impact. Although about 13 species belonging to the Lauraceae are indigenous to the United States, the highly susceptible members of the family to laurel wilt are the large tree species including redbay (Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng) and sassafras (Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees), with a significant economic impact on the commercial production of avocado (Persea americana Mill.), an important species native to Central America grown in the United States. Preventing new introductions and mitigating the impact of previously introduced nonnative species are critically important to decelerate losses of forest habitat, genetic diversity, and overall ecosystem value.

scholarly journals First Report of Laurel Wilt Caused by Raffaelea lauricola on Sassafras in Mississippi

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (11) ◽  
pp. 1479-1479 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Riggins ◽  
S. W. Fraedrich ◽  
T. C. Harrington
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Laurel Wilt ◽  
First Report ◽  
Raffaelea Lauricola ◽  
Redbay Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Soil Interface

Laurel wilt is caused by the fungus Raffaelea lauricola T.C. Harrin., Aghayeva & Fraedrich and is lethal to redbay (Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng.), sassafras (Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees), and other species in the Lauraceae (1). The fungus is carried by the redbay ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus glabratus Eichh.), which is native to Asia. After being discovered in Georgia in 2002 (1), X. glabratus and R. lauricola have spread rapidly, causing extensive redbay mortality in South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and Mississippi (1,4). The disease has also been confirmed on sassafras in Florida, South Carolina (1), and Georgia. Questions remain as to whether laurel wilt will continue to spread on sassafras, which often occurs as scattered trees in the eastern United States. In June 2010, a homeowner reported that a sassafras tree north of Van Cleave, MS (30.668°N, 88.686°W) had begun wilting in late May. This landscape tree had three 10-m high stems (~20 cm in diameter at breast height). Dark staining in the xylem was observed around the entire circumference of all three stems and nearly all leaves were bronze colored and wilted. No ambrosia beetle tunnels were observed in the stems. No other symptomatic Lauraceae were encountered in the wooded area within 300 m. The nearest known location with laurel wilt on redbay was ~15 km away (4). A Lindgren funnel trap baited with manuka oil (2) was placed at the site in June and monitored biweekly until November, but no X. glabratus adults were captured. Chips from discolored xylem of the sassafras were surface sterilized, plated on cycloheximide-streptomycin malt agar, and R. lauricola was readily isolated (1). Identity of the fungus (isolate C2792 in collection of T. Harrington) was confirmed by using partial sequences of the 28S rDNA (3). The sassafras sequence was identical to that of all known sequences of R. lauricola in the United States, including GenBank No. EU123076 (the holotype isolate from redbay). To confirm pathogenicity, isolate C2792 was grown on malt extract agar and three redbay (average: 141 cm high and 12 mm in diameter at soil interface) and three sassafras (average: 170 cm high and 17 mm in diameter at soil interface) potted plants were wound inoculated with 0.2 ml of a spore suspension (4.9 × 106 conidia/ml) (1). Three control plants of each species were inoculated with sterile deionized water. After 8 weeks in a growth chamber at 26°C, all inoculated redbay and sassafras plants exhibited xylem discoloration above and below the inoculation point, two of the redbay and two of the sassafras had died, and the other plant of each species exhibited partial wilt (the main terminal or one or more branches). All control plants were asymptomatic. R. lauricola was reisolated from all inoculated symptomatic plants but not from controls. To our knowledge, this is the first report of laurel wilt on sassafras in Mississippi. Both redbay (4) and sassafras appear to be highly susceptible to the disease as it moves westward. Sassafras is less attractive than redbay to X. glabratus and it was thought that this might contribute to slowing the spread of laurel wilt once outside the range of redbay (2). Nonetheless, our observations confirm that sassafras can be infected where laurel wilt on redbay is not in the immediate vicinity. References: (1) S. W. Fraedrich et al. Plant Dis. 92:215, 2008. (2) J. L. Hanula et al. J. Econ. Entomol. 101:1276, 2008. (3) T. C. Harrington et al. Mycotaxon 111:337, 2010. (4) J. J. Riggins et al. Plant Dis. 94:634, 2010.

scholarly journals First Report of Laurel Wilt, Caused by Raffaelea lauricola, on Sassafras (Sassafras albidum) in Alabama

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (5) ◽  
pp. 688-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Bates ◽  
S. W. Fraedrich ◽  
T. C. Harrington ◽  
R. S. Cameron ◽  
R. D. Menard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Large Subunit ◽  
First Record ◽  
The United States ◽  
Coastal Plains ◽  
Laurel Wilt ◽  
Raffaelea Lauricola ◽  
Sassafras Albidum ◽  
Redbay Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Xylem Discoloration

Laurel wilt, caused by Raffaelea lauricola, a fungal symbiont of the redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus, is responsible for extensive mortality of native redbays (Persea borbonia and P. palustris) in the coastal plains of the southeastern United States (1). The wilt also affects the more widespread sassafras, Sassafras albidum, particularly in areas where diseased redbays are common and populations of X. glabratus are high. Because sassafras stems were thought to lack chemicals that are attractive to the beetle, and sassafras tends to be widely scattered in forests, it was believed that the advance of the laurel wilt epidemic front might slow once it reached the edge of the natural range of redbay, which is restricted to the coastal plains of the Gulf and Atlantic Coasts (2). In July and August of 2011, wilt-like symptoms (i.e., wilted and dead leaves, and streaks of black discoloration in the xylem) were observed on 1 to 10 sassafras trees (15 to 23 cm diameter; 6 to 9 m height) at each of three locations, which were approximately 6 km from one another in Marengo Co., Alabama. Samples of the discolored wood from five trees were plated on malt agar amended with cycloheximide and streptomycin (CSMA), and a fungus morphologically identical to R. lauricola was isolated from each tree (1). For confirmation, a portion of the large subunit (28S) of the rDNA region of three of the isolates was sequenced (3); in each case, the sequence matched exactly that of other isolates of R. lauricola (EU123077) from the United States. Symptomatic trees were found at all three sites when revisited in April 2012, and approximately 20 sassafras trees in various stages of wilt were observed at one location, where only one diseased tree had been noted in 2011. Bolts were cut from the main stem of a symptomatic tree, and eggs, larvae, and adults of X. glabratus were commonly found in tunnels, and R. lauricola was isolated from the discolored xylem. Three container-grown sassafras saplings (mean height 193 cm, mean diameter 2.1 cm at groundline) were inoculated as previously described (1) with conidia (~600,000) from an isolate of R. lauricola. Three additional sassafras saplings were inoculated with sterile, deionized water, and all plants were placed in a growth chamber at 25°C with a 15-h photoperiod. Inoculated plants began to exhibit wilt symptoms within 14 days, and at 30 days all inoculated plants were dead and xylem discoloration was observed. Control plants appeared healthy and did not exhibit xylem discoloration. Pieces of sapwood from 15 cm above the inoculation points were plated on CSMA, and R. lauricola was recovered from all wilted plants but not from control plants. This is the first record of laurel wilt in Alabama and is significant because the disease appears to be spreading on sassafras in an area where redbays have not been recorded (see http://www.floraofalabama.org ). The nearest previously documented case of laurel wilt is on redbay and sassafras in Jackson Co., Mississippi (4), approximately 160 km to the south. The exact source of the introduction of X. glabratus and R. lauricola into Marengo Co. is not known. The vector may have been transported into the area with storms, moved with infested firewood, or shipped with infested timber by companies that supply mills in the area. References: (1) S. Fraedrich et al. Plant Dis. 92:215, 2008. (2) J. Hanula et al. Econ. Ent. 101:1276, 2008. (3) T. Harrington et al. Mycotaxon 111:337, 2010. (4) J. Riggins et al. Plant Dis. 95:1479, 2011.

scholarly journals Laurel Wilt, Caused by Raffaelea lauricola, is Confirmed in Miami-Dade County, Center of Florida's Commercial Avocado Production

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (12) ◽  
pp. 1589-1589 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Ploetz ◽  
J. E. Peña ◽  
J. A. Smith ◽  
T. J. Dreaden ◽  
J. H. Crane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Pcr Primers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Dade County ◽  
Laurel Wilt ◽  
Xyleborus Glabratus ◽  
Raffaelea Lauricola

Laurel wilt, caused by Raffaelea lauricola, threatens native and nonnative species in the Lauraceae in the southeastern United States, including the important commercial crop, avocado, Persea americana (2,4). Although the pathogen's vector, Xyleborus glabratus, was detected in Miami-Dade County, FL in January 2010, laurel wilt had not been reported (4). In February 2011, symptoms of the disease were observed on native swampbay, P. palustris, in Miami-Dade County (25°72′N, 80°48′W). Externally, foliage was brown, necrotic, and did not abscise; internally, sapwood was streaked with dark gray-to-bluish discoloration; and, in dead trees, holes of natal galleries of the vector from which columns of frass were attached were evident. On a semiselective medium for R. lauricola, a fungus with the pathogen's phenotype was isolated from symptomatic sapwood. Colonies were slow growing, light cream in color, with dendritic, closely appressed mycelium and often a slimy surface. A representative strain of the fungus was further identified with PCR primers for diagnostic small subunit (SSU) rDNA (1) and its SSU sequence (100% match, GenBank Accession No. JN578863). In each of two experiments, plants of ‘Simmonds’ avocado, the most important cultivar in Florida, were inoculated with three strains of the fungus, as described previously (3). Symptoms of laurel wilt developed in all inoculated plants and the fungus was recovered from each. After aerial and further ground surveys, additional symptomatic swampbay trees, some of which had defoliated, were detected in the vicinity of the original site. Since swampbay defoliates only a year or more after symptoms develop (4), the 2010 detection of X. glabratus may have coincided with an undetected presence of the disease. As of July 2011, a 6-km-diameter disease focus was evident in the area, the southernmost edge of which is 5 km from the nearest commercial avocado orchard. In August 2011, a dooryard avocado tree immediately north of the above focus was affected by laurel wilt, and an SSU sequence confirmed the involvement of R. lauricola (GenBank Accession No. JN613280). The outbreak of laurel wilt in Miami-Dade County represents a 150 km southerly jump in the distribution of this disease in the United States ( http://www.fs.fed.us/r8/foresthealth/laurelwilt/dist_map.shtml ) and is the first time this disease has been found in close proximity to Florida's primary commercial avocado production area. Approximately 98% of the state's commercial avocados, worth nearly $54 million per year, are produced in Miami-Dade County. Since effective fungicidal and insecticidal measures have not been developed for large, fruit-bearing trees, mitigation efforts will focus on the rapid identification and destruction of infected trees (3,4). References: (1) T. J. Dreaden et al. Phytopathology 98:S48, 2008. (2) S. W. Fraedrich et al. Plant Dis. 92:215, 2008. (3) R. C. Ploetz et al. Plant Dis. 95:977, 2011. (4) R. C. Ploetz et al. Recovery Plan for Laurel Wilt of Avocado. National Plant Disease Recovery System, USDA, ARS, 2011.

A Field-Portable Diagnostic Approach Confirms Laurel Wilt Disease Diagnosis in Minutes Instead of Days

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 98-109
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Hamilton ◽  
Stephen Fraedrich ◽  
Campbell Nairn ◽  
Albert Mayfield ◽  
Caterina Villari
Keyword(s):  
Lamp Assay ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Diagnostic Process ◽  
Laurel Wilt ◽  
Xyleborus Glabratus ◽  
Raffaelea Lauricola ◽  
Laurel Wilt Disease ◽  
Persea Borbonia ◽  
Species Specific

Background: Laurel wilt disease has caused the extensive mortality of lauraceous species in the southeastern United States. The causal agent is an invasive fungus, Raffaelea lauricola, which is a symbiont of the beetle Xyleborus glabratus and causes a rapid, fatal vascular wilt. Early diagnosis of laurel wilt is imperative for efficient disease management. The current diagnostic process, however, is slow due to the lengthy laboratory procedures required to confirm pathogen presence. Methods: We tested the robustness and field-portability of a recently developed, species-specific, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for R. lauricola, with the overall goal of eliminating the need for a laboratory confirmation of the diagnosis. We tested the robustness of the assay using benchtop equipment with naturally infected samples. We then tested the assay directly in the field using a portable device. Results: The assay successfully detected R. lauricola directly from symptomatic wood tissue using crude DNA extracts. Furthermore, the assay readily allowed users to distinguish between symptoms caused by R. lauricola infection and similar symptoms caused by other agents. In-field, we assayed wood samples from symptomatic redbay (Persea borbonia [L.] Spreng) and sassafras (Sassafras albidum [Nutt.] Nees) across the Southeast and successfully detected R. lauricola-infected trees in less than an hour. Conclusion: Results of this study confirmed that the field-deployable LAMP assay is robust and can rapidly and accurately detect R. lauricola in infected trees directly on-site. LAMP technology is well suited for in-field implementation, and these results serve as an incentive for further development and use of this technology in the field of forest pathology.

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