scholarly journals Distribution, Impact, and Soil Environment of Phoma sclerotioides in Northeastern U.S. Alfalfa Fields

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (10) ◽  
pp. 1293-1304 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Wunsch ◽  
R. R. Schindelbeck ◽  
H. M. van Es ◽  
G. C. Bergstrom
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New Hampshire ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Phoma Sclerotioides ◽  
Single Amplicon ◽  
Brown Root Rot ◽  
First Time

We report brown root rot (BRR) of alfalfa, caused by the fungal pathogen Phoma sclerotioides, for the first time in the eastern United States. Alfalfa production fields in New York, Vermont, and New Hampshire were sampled in spring 2005, and soil characteristics were related to variability in BRR incidence and severity in two New York fields sampled extensively. BRR was detected in 8 of 10 fields sampled in New York, 6 of 7 fields sampled in Vermont, and 5 of 6 fields sampled in New Hampshire. Lesions on both roots and crowns were common in all three states, and most BRR lesions extended into the cortical tissues. Diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of P. sclerotioides isolates produced a single amplicon of the expected size. In vivo conidia and pycnidia morphology of northeastern isolates was consistent with published descriptions of P. sclerotioides, and P. sclerotioides was reisolated from symptomatic lesions after pathogenicity testing. In two New York fields sampled extensively, BRR severity varied with soil strength, soil texture, soil saturation, and alfalfa stand density. The spatial pattern of BRR within fields suggests the pathogen was not recently introduced. The results suggest BRR is widespread in alfalfa production fields in New York, Vermont, and New Hampshire.

NOTES ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF THE FOUR-BANDED LEAF-ROLLER, EULIA QUADRIFASCIANA FERN. (LEPID.)

1927 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 149-152
Author(s):  
S. W. Frost
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Life History ◽  
New Hampshire ◽  
Original Description ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Leaf Roller ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

The four-banded leaf-roller, Eulia quadrifasciana Fern., is very closely related and similar in habits to the red-banded leaf-roller, Eulia velutinana Walk. It was described by Fernald (1882) as Lophoderus quadrifasciana but was later placed in the genus Eulia by Kearfott (1905). Fernald (1908) put Lophoderus Steph., in synonymy with Eulia Hubn. For at least eight years following the original description it seems to have attracted little attention. Sanderson (1904) recorded it for the first time as a pest of apple in Delaware. The same year Fletcher (1900) reported it somewhat abundant in Canada. Subsequently it has been recorded from Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Illinois and it is apparently common throughout north eastern United States. It has been found somewhat common in Pennsylvania by the writer (1922) who mentions it in connection with Eulia mariana Fern., as a pest of apple.

scholarly journals First Report of Brown Root Rot of Alfalfa Caused by Phoma sclerotioides in Maine, Ontario, and Pennsylvania

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Wunsch ◽  
R. Kersbergen ◽  
A. U. Tenuta ◽  
M. H. Hall ◽  
G. C. Bergstrom
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Cortical Lesions ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Diagnostic Pcr ◽  
First Report ◽  
South Central ◽  
Phoma Sclerotioides ◽  
Single Amplicon ◽  
Brown Root Rot

Brown root rot (BRR), caused by the fungal pathogen Phoma sclerotioides G. Preuss ex Sacc. (synonym Plenodomus meliloti Dearn. & G.B. Sanford), is associated with yield loss of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in regions with severe winters (1). In the spring of 2007, 9 to 69 alfalfa plants were collected from each of five production fields in Maine, 10 fields in Ontario, and nine fields in Pennsylvania. All alfalfa stands existed at least two winters. P. sclerotioides was isolated from alfalfa root and crown lesions from five fields in Maine (Penobscot, Somerset and Waldo counties), seven fields from southwestern (Woodstock and Niagara), south-central (Lindsay and Belleville), and southeastern Ontario (near Ottawa), and four fields in Pennsylvania (Columbia, Crawford, and Jefferson counties; 41.1 to 41.6°N). BRR incidence was 9 to 29% in Maine, 5 to 29% in Ontario, and 8 to 22% in Pennsylvania. In Ontario, some lesions girdled the crown; in three fields in Maine, large pycnidia characteristic of P. sclerotioides were present on alfalfa crowns and overwintered stems. On potato dextrose agar, conidia (5 to 8 × 2 to 3 μm, unicellular, hyaline, and ovoid) and pycnidia (0.33 to 1.15 mm in diameter with multiple beaks) of single-conidium isolates were characteristic of P. sclerotioides (2). Diagnostic PCR (3) of isolates resulted in a single amplicon of expected size (500 bp). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1, 5.8S, and ITS2 of the rDNA were sequenced for 12 representative isolates, and sequences (GenBank Accession Nos. FJ179151 to FJ179162) were 95.5 to 100% identical to P. sclerotioides ATCC isolate 56515 over a 488-bp alignment. Eight months after seeding, potted ‘Vernal’ alfalfa was inoculated (4), kept at 4°C for 8 weeks, 0 to –2°C for 12 weeks, 4°C for 8 weeks, and 10 to 15°C for 7 weeks. Of 108 plants inoculated with the Maine isolates, 35 developed severe cortical lesions and 16 died. Of 18 plants inoculated with the Ontario isolates, 16 developed severe cortical lesions and eight died. Of 18 plants inoculated with a Pennsylvania isolate, 11 developed severe cortical lesions and five died. Lesions were typical of BRR: light to very dark brown, sometimes with a darker border, and often containing abundant pycnidia. Plant mortality was associated with lesions that girdled the root and crown. Of 18 plants in the control treatment, three developed severe cortical lesions and none died. BRR is common in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba, but in eastern Canada it has been reported only in Nova Scotia. To our knowledge, this is the first report of BRR in Maine, Ontario, and Pennsylvania and the southernmost report of BRR in eastern North America. References: (1) B. Berkenkamp et al. Can. J. Plant Sci. 71:211, 1991. (2) G. H. Boerema et al. Persoonia 15:431, 1994. (3) R. C. Larsen et al. Plant Dis. 86:928, 2002. (4) M. J. Wunsch et al. Plant Dis. 91:1293, 2007.

Shakers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Nicoletta
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
New Hampshire ◽  
New York State ◽  
The United States ◽  
Leadership Roles ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Economic Success ◽  
Linear Arrangement ◽  
State Prisons

Arriving in the colony of New York in 1774 from England, Ann Lee and her eight followers set about creating a model communal society in what would become the United States. Officially known as the United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing, the Shakers believed in Christ’s imminent return. Their support of pacifism, near equality between the sexes that allowed women to take on leadership roles, and perfectionism set them apart from most Americans. Within a decade, they had begun creating a Kingdom of Heaven on Earth through their worship, work ethic, and construction of orderly villages with buildings and furniture meant to reinforce religious belief and shape and control behavior. From humble beginnings, the sect created a total of twenty-two communities beginning in the 1780s, spreading from Maine to Indiana and as far south as Georgia and Florida, though these latter two sites and the one in Indiana were short lived. During periods of religious revivalism in the United States in the late 18th and early19th centuries, the Shakers attracted hundreds of converts who gave up their worldly possessions to live celibate, communal lives. After a peak population of over three thousand in the1840s, the Shakers have dwindled to just three members inhabiting the only surviving living community of Sabbathday Lake, near New Gloucester, Maine. The Shakers’ demographic and economic success over several decades left a legacy of buildings at numerous locations throughout the eastern United States. Some of these villages have become museum sites, most notably Hancock, Massachusetts; Mount Lebanon, New York; Canterbury, New Hampshire; and Pleasant Hill and South Union, both in Kentucky. Other Shaker buildings remain as private residences and parts of retirement communities and state prisons. In many ways, Shaker architecture reflects contemporary regional vernacular building practices, such as the closely spaced anchor bents in the framing of the earliest meetinghouses in Connecticut, New Hampshire, Maine, Massachusetts, and eastern New York State, and the rather grand masonry structures of the dwelling houses and trustees’ offices in Kentucky. The linear arrangement of buildings, their large size, and separate entrances for men and women distinguished Shaker buildings from those of the outside world, though stylistically they appeared much like non-Shaker buildings. The Shakers organized building interiors to use space efficiently with many built-in cabinets and drawers, installed pegboards on walls for storage and to help keep floors clear for cleaning, and included separate staircases to demarcate men’s and women’s areas. The buildings, especially the meetinghouses and dwelling houses, reminded Shakers of their commitment to their faith and to their distinctive way of living and encouraged them to “put their hands to work and their hearts to God,” a saying attributed to Ann Lee. Nevertheless, the Shakers were not immune from influences from the outside world. They needed to interact with outsiders to encourage the economic success of their villages and to attract converts. As their population shrank in the latter half of the 19th century, they turned increasingly to hired help to assist with building construction and other aspects of daily life. The Shakers also embraced stylistic changes in architecture and furniture; their buildings of the late 19th and early 20th centuries reflect these influences with added ornamentation inside and out, as well as embellished furnishings either made by the Shakers or purchased from non-Shaker furniture makers. Rather than undercut any appreciation of the simple style for which the Shakers are best known, these changes show the group as always practical and responsive to changes in mainstream society.

Chromosomal variation in pine voles, Microtus (Pitymys) pinetorum, in the eastern United States

1984 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 496-498
Author(s):  
John W. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
New Hampshire ◽  
Population Biology ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Chromosomal Variation ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Microtus Pinetorum

As part of a study of the population biology of pine voles (Microtus (Pitymys) pinetorum), 65 voles were karyotyped from seven apple orchard populations in the eastern United States. All animals had 62 chromosomes. Voles from New Hampshire and New York had 62 autosomal arms, whereas those from Virginia and North Carolina had 64. Voles from one population in southern Pennsylvania had 62, 63, or 64 arms in approximate Hardy–Weinberg proportions. The polymorphism resulted from the presence or absence of secondary arms on the largest pair of autosomes. There appears to be no reproductive isolation between the cytotypes in the Pennsylvania population.Key words: Microtus pinetorum, Pitymys, chromosomal variation, karyotype.

THE THREE RANATRAS OF THE NORTH-EASTERN UNITED STATES

1905 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 187-188
Author(s):  
J. R. De La Torre Bueno
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
New York State ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
York State ◽  
The North ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
First Time

Several entomologists have discussed with me the question of the distinguishing characters of Ranatra quadridentata, Stal, and Ranatra fusca, Pal. Beauv., and in consequence I venture to set forth here briefly and plainly the differences between these two and Ranatra kirkaldyi, n. sp, which I took for the first time in New York State.

scholarly journals Distribution of Phoma sclerotioides on Alfalfa and Winter Wheat Crops in the North Central United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 551-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Larsen ◽  
C. R. Hollingsworth ◽  
J. Flor ◽  
M. R. Dornbusch ◽  
N. L. Simpson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North ◽  
Central United States ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Northern United States ◽  
Phoma Sclerotioides ◽  
Brown Root Rot

Brown root rot of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), caused by Phoma sclerotioides, has been reported in several states in the northern United States and in western Canada. A survey was conducted to determine the distribution of the fungus in Minnesota and Wisconsin. Isolates of the pathogen were recovered from roots of alfalfa, winter wheat, and perennial ryegrass plants. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1, 5.8S, and ITS2 of the rDNA of the isolates from alfalfa and wheat were identical and matched the sequences of a P. sclerotioides isolate from Wyoming. The fungus was found to be widespread in both states and was detected in roots of alfalfa plants from 17 counties in Minnesota and 14 counties in Wisconsin using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays. A real-time PCR assay was developed that increased sensitivity of detecting the pathogen from plant tissues and soil. The isolates from alfalfa caused disease on inoculated winter wheat plants. Although the fungus was previously found associated with roots of diseased cereal and turfgrass plants, this is the first demonstration of pathogenicity of P. sclerotioides on wheat.

Cloning, characterization, and functional analysis of chitinase-like protein 1 in the shell of Pinctada fucata

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (9) ◽  
pp. 954-966
Author(s):  
Yunpin Zhou ◽  
Yi Yan ◽  
Dong Yang ◽  
Guilan Zheng ◽  
Liping Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinctada Fucata ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Matrix Proteins ◽  
Nacreous Layer ◽  
Shell Formation ◽  
Microscopy Imaging ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
First Time

Abstract Biomineralization, especially shell formation, is a sophisticated process regulated by various matrix proteins. Pinctada fucata chitinase-like protein 1 (Pf-Clp1), which belongs to the GH18 family, was discovered by our group using in-depth proteomic analysis. However, its function is still unclear. In this study, we first obtained the full-length cDNA sequence of Pf-Clp1 by RACE. Real-time polymerase chain reaction results revealed that Pf-Clp1 was highly expressed in the important biomineralization tissues, the mantle edge and the mantle pallial. We expressed and purified recombinant protein rPf-Clp1 in vitro to investigate the function of Pf-Clp1 on CaCO3 crystallization. Scanning electron microscopy imaging and Raman spectroscopy revealed that rPf-Clp1 was able to affect the morphologies of calcite crystal in vitro. Shell notching experiments suggested that Pf-Clp1 might function as a negative regulator during shell formation in vivo. Knockdown of Pf-Clp1 by RNAi led to the overgrowth of aragonite tablets, further confirming its potential negative regulation on biomineralization, especially in the nacreous layer. Our work revealed the potential function of molluscan Clp in shell biomineralization for the first time and unveiled some new understandings toward the molecular mechanism of shell formation.

scholarly journals First Report of Brown Root Rot of Alfalfa Caused by Phoma sclerotioides in Colorado and New Mexico

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Wunsch ◽  
M. A. Dillon ◽  
R. Torres ◽  
H. F. Schwartz ◽  
G. C. Bergstrom
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Cortical Lesions ◽  
Diagnostic Pcr ◽  
First Report ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
Phoma Sclerotioides ◽  
Brown Root Rot

Brown root rot (BRR), caused by the fungal pathogen Phoma sclerotioides G. Preuss ex Sacc. (synonym Plenodomus meliloti Dearn. & G.B. Sanford), is associated with winterkill, slow emergence from winter dormancy, and yield loss of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) (1,2). BRR is a problem in regions with severe winters and is common in Alaska and Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba, Canada. It was first observed in the continental United States in Wyoming during 1996 (2) and has subsequently been found in Idaho, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, New York, Vermont, and Wisconsin. In the intermountain valleys of northern New Mexico and western Colorado, winters can be severe; alfalfa winterkill events occur periodically, but it is unknown if BRR is present. In May 2006, alfalfa plants were collected from production fields in Huerfano, Otero, and Rio Grande counties in Colorado and Rio Arriba and Taos counties in New Mexico and assessed for BRR. Two to three fields were sampled per county and 20 or 40 plants were collected per field. All fields existed for at least two winters. Fields sampled in Rio Grande County exhibited severe winterkill, with most plants completely girdled by crown lesions. Plants from other fields exhibited a range of root and crown rots. Isolation of P. sclerotioides was attempted from all plants with a previously described protocol (4). The pathogen was isolated from crown lesions of one alfalfa plant each from Rio Grande and Taos counties. Both lesions extended into the cortex. On potato dextrose agar and water agar with barley (4), single-conidium cultures of each isolate produced large pycnidia (0.35 to 0.80 mm in diameter) with multiple beaks, white cirri darkening to yellow with age, and unicellular, hyaline, ovoid conidia 5 to 7 μm long by 2 μm wide. Diagnostic PCR of the cultures using P. sclerotioides-specific primers (3) resulted in a single amplicon of expected size (500 bp). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1, 5.8S, and ITS2 of the rDNA were amplified and sequenced using primers ITS1 and ITS4. The ITS sequences (GenBank Accession Nos. EU265669 and EU265670) were >98% identical to P. sclerotioides ATCC isolate 56515 over 503 bp of aligned sequence. Potted ‘Vernal’ alfalfa was inoculated 4 months after seeding, kept at 4°C for 5.5 weeks, 0 to –2°C for 12 weeks, and 4°C for 3 weeks. Of the 14 plants inoculated with the Colorado isolate, 11 developed cortical lesions and 8 winterkilled. Of the 23 plants inoculated with the New Mexico isolate, 22 developed cortical lesions and 16 winterkilled. Lesions were light to very dark brown, sometimes with a darker border and often containing abundant pycnidia. Winterkill was associated with lesions girdling the crown. P. sclerotioides was isolated from the lesions. To our knowledge, this is the southernmost report of BRR in North America and the first report of BRR in New Mexico and Colorado. The incidence and severity of BRR in the region surveyed appear to be considerably lower than in the more northern regions. References: (1) B. Berkenkamp et al. Can. J. Plant Sci. 71:211, 1991. (2) C. R. Hollingsworth et al. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 25:215, 2003. (3) R. C. Larsen et al. Plant Dis. 86:928, 2002. (4) M. J. Wunsch et al. Plant Dis. 91:1293, 2007.

SOME OBSERVATIONS ON METRIOPTERA ROESELII (GRYLLOPTERA: TETTIGONIIDAE) IN MAINE, NEW HAMPSHIRE, AND MASSACHUSETTS

1974 ◽  
Vol 106 (11) ◽  
pp. 1205-1209
Author(s):  
E. K. Ede
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New England ◽  
New Hampshire ◽  
New York State ◽  
York State ◽  
First Time

AbstractMetrioptera (Roeseliana) roeselii (Hgb.) was first introduced into the Montreal, Que., area before 1952. By 1965 it had been collected in western and southern New York State. This paper records it from Maine, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire for the first time, and discusses the populations. Eventual establishment of M. roeselii over all of New England is predicted.

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