scholarly journals First Report of Mycoleptodiscus terrestris Infecting Forage Legumes and Soybeans in Wisconsin

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. Smith ◽  
C. R. Grau ◽  
L. E. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Forage Legumes ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Soybean Plants

Soilborne plant pathogens are regarded as important causes of failures of newly established and mature stands of forage legumes and reduced yield of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in the North Central Region of the U.S. Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) plants exhibited decaying roots and stems in yield trials in 1994 and 1995 at the Arlington Agricultural Research Station, Arlington, WI. After first harvest, over 40% of the plants failed to produce regrowth or regrowth was extremely slow. Dark brown lesions were evident on root and crown tissue and occasionally spread to newly initiated stem tissue. A fungus resembling Mycoleptodiscus terrestris was isolated from birdsfoot trefoil by placing surface-disinfested plant tissue on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 10 ppm chlorotetracycline or tetracycline and 100 μl liter-1 of tergitol. Isolates of M. terrestris produced dark green mycelium and black scerotia on PDA. These same isolates also produced conidia with characteristics similar to those described by Ostazeski (1) for M. terrestris when cultures were grown on gamma ray-sterilized chrysanthemum leaf pieces positioned on the surface of 2% water agar on petri dishes. The setaed conidia were generally two-celled and oval, and measured 24 to 30 × 4.5 to 7.4 μm. Isolates were also obtained from soybean plants that expressed a premature decline symptom at the R6 to R7 growth stage. Soybean plants in two commercial fields initially expressed curled leaves followed by defoliation. Lower stems expressed a gray-tan discoloration of the cortical tissue. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), birdsfoot trefoil, and soybean were inoculated with isolates of M. terrestris. All crop species expressed symptoms and M. terrestris was recovered from symptomatic tissue. M. terrestris isolates have also been baited from other soils from southern Wisconsin with red clover, birdsfoot trefoil, and soybean. Although recognized in states south of Wisconsin, M. terrestris has not been implicated previously in poor health of forage legumes and soybeans in Wisconsin. This report provides evidence that M. terrestris inhabits agricultural soils farther north than previously recognized. References: (1) S. A. Ostazeski. 1967. Mycologia 59:970-975.

Performance of temperate and subtropical forage legumes when over-seeding native pastures in the basaltic region of Uruguay

2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 279 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Real ◽  
C. A. Labandera ◽  
J. G. Howieson
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Soil Microbiology ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Forage Legumes ◽  
Plant Breeding Program ◽  
Selection Parameter ◽  
Native Pastures ◽  
Biological Nitrogen

In 1997, an integrated plant breeding program was initiated at the National Agricultural Research Institute (INIA) Uruguay, to develop forage legumes and root nodule bacteria which were able to be productive in co-existence with the native (grass-dominant) vegetation when grazed by cattle and sheep. The program was conducted in parallel with rhizobial strain selection by the Rhizobium–Biological Nitrogen Fixation Unit of the Soil Microbiology Department of the Ministry of Livestock, Agriculture and Fisheries of Uruguay and the Centre for Rhizobium Studies (CRS), Murdoch University, Western Australia. Between 1998 and 2000, 326 temperate and subtropical forage legume species originating from 38 ex-situ seed collections were evaluated in 3 plantings on: red lithosol, black lithosol and vertisol soils at Glencoe Research Station in Uruguay. Row–column field designs were used. Forage production at the end of the second year of evaluation was used as the key selection parameter for the introduced legumes because their success required persistence in the pasture either vegetatively or by natural reseeding. This study identified a set of promising legumes and strains of Rhizobium that are now available for further study and breeding in Uruguay as well as other countries with a similar climate. The methodology developed in this study may be applicable to forage selection programs in which competition between annual and perennial species is expected to influence outcomes.

VERTICILLIUM WILT OF FORAGE LEGUMES IN CANADA

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 427-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Aubé ◽  
W. E. Sackston
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Verticillium Wilt ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Forage Legumes ◽  
Verticillium Albo Atrum

Verticillium albo-atrum R. and B. was isolated from diseased alfalfa and ladino clover at Normandin, Que., and V. dahliae Kleb. from red clover at Ottawa, Ont., in 1962. Isolates of V. albo-atrum were more pathogenic than V. dahliae to alfalfa and birdsfoot trefoil, and V. dahliae was more pathogenic to red clover. Comparative inoculation tests in the greenhouse showed that the Canadian isolates were as virulent on forage legumes as were legume isolates obtained from Britain. All isolates tested were strongly pathogenic to lupine and sainfoin. Birdsfoot trefoil, lupine, and ladino clover, not previously reported as hosts of Verticillium, proved susceptible in greenhouse tests.This is one of the first reports of virulent Verticillium on forage legumes in North America. Since diseased plants were found only at two experimental stations, the pathogen may have been introduced on seed imported from Europe. No Verticillium wilt was found at the same locations in 1963.

Quackgrass (Agropyron repens) Control and Establishment of Three Forage Legumes with Three Selective Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 376-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig G. Davidson ◽  
Donald L. Wyse ◽  
Robert L. McGraw
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Forage Legumes ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Astragalus Cicer ◽  
The One ◽  
Agropyron Repens

Sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} and RO-13-8895 {acetone-O-[d-2-[p-[(α,α,α-trifluoro-p-tolyl)-oxy]phenoxy]propionyl]oxime} were evaluated for quackgrass [Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. ♯ AGRRE] control in ‘Norcen’ birdsfoot trefoil [Lotus corniculatus (L.)], ‘Monarch’ cicer milkvetch [Astragalus cicer (L.) Hook.], and ‘Arlington’ red clover [Trifolium pratense (L.)]. None of the herbicide treatments applied to weed-free legumes 3, 15, and 30 cm tall reduced crop ground cover or seed yield. Postemergence treatments of sethoxydim and RO-13-8895 applied to quackgrass in the one- to four-leaf stage, at rates from 0.56 to 1.1 kg ai/ha, gave control of 57 to 91% in September of the seedling year. Legumes in all postemergence herbicide-treated plots produced more seed than legumes in untreated plots, regardless of time of application. Sequential applications of sethoxydim, RO-13-8895, or fluazifop {(±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid} at 0.14 plus 0.14 kg ai/ha gave more effective quackgrass control and greater legume ground cover than single applications at 0.28 kg ai/ha.

FORAGE LEGUME YIELDS AND NEMATODE POPULATION BEHAVIOR IN MICROPLOTS INFESTED WITH Paratylenchus projectus

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. TOWNSHEND ◽  
J. W. POTTER
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Nematode Population ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Forage Legume ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Forage Legumes

Yield reductions were minimal in forage legumes grown in field microplots infested with the pin nematode Paratylenchus projectus. Decreased forage production of birdsfoot trefoil and red clover resulted from reduced second and third cuts. During 2.5 yr, nematode numbers decreased under alfalfa, but increased under white clover. Under red clover and birdsfoot trefoil, nematode numbers increased in the first season and either remained static or declined thereafter. Unlike other nematodes in northern climates, populations of the pin nematode did not decrease appreciably over winter under favorable hosts.

Weed Control Strategies for Forage Legumes

1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 288-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Najib Malik ◽  
John Waddington
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Forage Legumes ◽  
Field Peas ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Competitive Species

Tolerance and subsequent yield response of established alfalfa, red clover, alsike clover, sainfoin, birdsfoot trefoil, and cicer milkvetch to sethoxydim and fluazifop spring applied and to hexazinone, metribuzin, and terbacil fall applied were determined in a field study. All legumes tolerated sethoxydim. Fluazifop was safe on all legumes except sainfoin. Alfalfa and cicer milkvetch tolerated hexazinone, metribuzin, and terbacil. Alfalfa dry matter yield was not affected by any of the herbicide treatments, but cumulative cicer milkvetch yield increased 9% over a 3-yr period with hexazinone applications. Sainfoin yield increased 20% with hexazinone and terbacil treatment. Hexazinone injured red clover and reduced yield. Alsike clover was the most susceptible legume to the residual herbicides. Weed dry matter yield associated with the legumes indicated that alfalfa and sainfoin were the most and the least competitive species, respectively. Plots treated with hexazinone contained the least amount of weeds, regardless of the legume species. Field peas seeded in rotation was not affected by herbicide residues; however, residues from terbacil applied at 1.0 kg/ha reduced seed yield of lentils.

INFLUENCE OF FENSULFOTHION AND FENAMIPHOS ON ROOT LESION NEMATODE NUMBERS AND YIELD OF FORAGE LEGUMES

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 727-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. S. THOMPSON ◽  
C. B. WILLIS
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Root Lesion Nematode ◽  
Forage Legumes ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Lesion Nematodes ◽  
Lesion Nematode ◽  
Root Lesion Nematodes

A field study was made of the effects of three rates of fenamiphos [ethyl-3-methyl-4-(methylthio) phenyl (1-methylethyl) phosphoramidate] and fensulfothion [O,O-diethyl O-(p-(methylsulfinyl) phenyl) phosphorothioate] on root lesion nematode numbers (Pratylenchus spp.), and on forage yields of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.). Both nematicides, at the rates tested (fensulfothion − 11.2, 22.4 and 44.8 kg/ha; fenamiphos − 5.6, 11.2 and 22.4 kg/ha) reduced populations of root lesion nematodes in the soil, as well as in rootlets of the three forage legumes. Seeding year yields were increased by both nematicides. Neither nematicide resulted in substantial yield increases at the time of the the first cut (June) of the second growing season, but did result in considerably increased yields at the time of the second and third cuts. At the same rates of application, fenamiphos provided better control of nematodes than did fensulfothion, particularly with increasing time following treatment. The larger total yield increases for the two growing seasons from fenamiphos-treated plots were coincident with better root lesion nematode control. Fewer alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil and red clover taproots were infected by Fusarium spp. and Rhizoctonia solani Kühn in fenamiphos-treated plots, where there were fewer root lesion nematodes, than in check plots. Laboratory tests indicated that field rates of fensulfothion and fenamiphos were not fungicidal to a number of soil fungi, including Fusarium spp. and R. solani, found associated with forage legume roots.

Changes in crude protein fractions of forage legumes during the spring growth and summer regrowth period

2012 ◽  
Vol 151 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. KRAWUTSCHKE ◽  
J. KLEEN ◽  
N. WEIHER ◽  
R. LOGES ◽  
F. TAUBE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Mixed Cropping ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Forage Legume ◽  
Forage Legumes ◽  
Trifolium Ambiguum

SUMMARYOnly a few previous studies have analysed the crude protein (CP) fractions of the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System during the growth period of forage legumes. The objective of the present study was to investigate the changes in CP fractions during the spring growth and summer–autumn regrowth period of five forage legume species (alfalfa (also known as lucerne, Medicago sativa L.), birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum M.B.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.)) grown in binary mixtures with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and also in pure stands (two red clover cultivars). Additionally, the specific polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity was measured photometrically in the leaves of pure red clover swards. In both pure and mixed cropping, CP fraction A increased with advancing maturity, except for the legumes from mixed cropping in the summer–autumn growth period 2004 and 2005. The variation of CP fraction A was mostly positively related to the N yield and the amount of dinitrogen fixation. Although CP fraction A of pure red clover was negatively correlated with the specific PPO activity in the spring growth period, the specific PPO activity was less relevant for the variation of CP fraction A with respect to the whole growing season. CP fraction B generally made up the largest proportion of the CP. Pure red clover stands showed reducing amounts of CP fraction C during the growth period, whereas in legumes grown with ryegrass an increase was usually observed. Despite these differences, there was generally an increase of CP fraction C when the content of non-structural carbohydrates decreased. Red clover and birdsfoot trefoil herbage contained the highest proportions of CP fraction C in the CP, regardless of growth period and year. In conclusion, red clover and birdsfoot trefoil had a more favourable CP composition for ruminant nutrition compared to the other legume species, and in red clover this could not be clearly attributed to the specific PPO activity.

scholarly journals Performance of different crop species with pointed gourd (Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.)

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 523-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
MS Alom ◽  
BL Nag ◽  
MN Islam ◽  
F Ahmed ◽  
S Akther
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Trichosanthes Dioica ◽  
Pointed Gourd ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
Equivalent Yield ◽  
Planting System

The experiment was conducted at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jessore during the period from November 2008 to April 2010 to find out the suitable component crop and planting system under intercropping system with pointed gourd for higher yield and economic return. The treatment combinations were T1 = Pointed gourd (PG) sole, T2 = PG + radish + mungbean (1 row at the boarder of the bed) + amaranth (broadcast), T3 = PG + radish + mungbean (2 rows at the boarder of the bed) + shabuj shak (broadcast), T4 = PG + radish + Indian spinach (1 row at the boarder of the bed), T5 = PG + radish + Indian spinach (2 rows at the boarder of the bed) and T6 = PG + radish + mungbean: Indian spinach (1 : 1 row at the boarder of the bed). The fruit yield (26.27-30.50 t/ha) of pointed gourd did not affect by sole and different intercropping systems. The highest pointed gourd equivalent yield (68.02 t/ha), gross return (Tk.1020300/ha) and net return (Tk.631466/ha) and benefit cost ratio (2.62) was obtained from the intercropping combination of PG + radish + Indian spinach (2 rows at the boarder of the bed). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v38i3.16979 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 38(3): 523-529, September 2013

scholarly journals Yields and quality of forage legumes under imbalanced year precipitation conditions on south Moravia

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 217-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Lang ◽  
K. Vejražka
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Forage Legumes ◽  
Kura Clover

In this paper, yield and quality of forage following species of forage legumes were evaluated with regard to precipitations: lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum M.), alsike clover (Trifolium hybridum L.) and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.). The trial was sown in the spring of 2008, evaluated in the period 2009–2011. Analysis of samples was performed with the apparatus NIRS 6500. Following parameters were evaluated: production of dry matter, energy concentration (NEL), contents of fibre and crude protein. The highest three year yield average was measured for lucerne (15.01 t.ha−1), followed by red clover group (9.3–11.8 t.ha−1). Kura clover gained the lowest yield (1.97 t.ha−1). The average crude protein contents (g.kg−1) were: lucerne 211.47, red clover group (184.3–194.8), white clover group (229.1–238.7) and birdsfoot trefoil (204.2). The obtained results indicated that lucerne responded at best to periods of drought. Although the production of dry matter decreased in periods of drought, the canopy of stands remained to be complete in contradistinction to white clover, which partly disappeared from the stand. Red clover and alsike clover disappeared from the stand during the trial.

scholarly journals Evaluation of dryland forage species for lowland Marlborough and 'Mid Canterbury

1994 ◽  
pp. 149-153
Author(s):  
R.M. Hunter ◽  
T.L. Knight ◽  
G. Hayes ◽  
B.E. Allan
Keyword(s):  
East Coast ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
First Year ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Smooth Brome ◽  
Species Performance

Grazing trials were established at Dashwood, Marlborough and at Winchmore Research Station, Mid Canterbury, to determine persistence, production patterns and changes in composition of various dryland pasture species. Plots were individually fenced and grazed to optimise individual species performance. At Dashwood (Dashwood shallow silt loam and stony loam, 600 mm rainfall), nine species were established: ryegrasses (Grasslands Supernui, Grasslands Nui, and a local ecotype), cocksfoot (Grasslands Wana), phalaris (Grasslands Maru), bromes (Grasslands Tiki and Grasslands Hakari), wheatgrass (Grasslands Luna), and a luceme/phalaris mix (Grasslands Otaio Maru). All species were sown with white clover (Grasslands Tahora) and red clover (Grasslands Pawera). Interim results of the first 3 years show ryegrass species Supernui, Nui and the local ecotype established well in the first year but are gradually being surpassed by the slower establishing species such as Mar-u, Wana and Otaio lucerne. The Winchmore project (Lismore stony silt-loam 739mm rainfall) included 11 species: lucerne (Grasslands Otaio), sheep's burnet, birdsfoot trefoil (Grasslands Goldie), red clover (Grasslands Colenso), browntop (Grasslands Muster), chicory (Grasslands Puna), wheatgrass (Grasslands Luna), ryegrass (Grasslands Pacific), smooth brome (Grasslands Tiki), upland brome (Grasslands Hakari) and grazing brome (Grasslands Gala). Over the first three years Otaio has remained as one of the best producers, but Colenso and Tiki, while producing well in the first year havedropped considerably by year three. Results demonstrate that there is potential for some species tested to enhance the production on the light east coast soils in the South Island but in the long-term persistence must be monitored. Keywords: dryland, pasture species, pasture composition, pasture yield

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