VARIATION OF SOME NEW MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS IN THE FIELD PEAS (PISUM SATIVUM L.)

Peas, as a valuable nutritious and cultivated plant (Myers et al., 2010), have recently received special attention for the improvement of new varieties (Kreplak et al., 2019). They are increasingly adapted to any kind of environmental conditions. Thus, we want an increased production of grains, contents in active principles as high as possible (Pownall et al., 2010), but also to increase its proportion in the structure of crops on a farm. The Alvesta variety, studied for its specific morphological characters, is one of the newest creations. Even in the slightly drier conditions of the last period (two years), this variety formed plants with heights of 42-45 cm, with a total plant weight of 7.5 g. 10 knots were formed on a pea stem (at one node the floral and fruit raceme are caught and formed). Each plant formed 4 pods, weighing 6 g and 16 berries weighing 4.5-6 g. The bean had a diameter of 7 mm and the absolute weight of the berries was 215 g. Among these morphological characters were obtained significantly positive correlations in most cases. Insignificant situations were between the absolute mass of the berries with the size of the plant, with the number of nodes, with the total number of pods and with the number of berries on a plant. Only one insignificant negative correlation was observed between the number of nodes on the stem and the diameter of the grains. Regarding the variability of the determined characters, slightly higher values were found, mainly due to the existence of the dry bottom. And yet the Alvesta variety, with improved morphological characters proved to be a good adaptability to zonal cultivation conditions.

Intercropping organic field peas with barley, oats and mustard improves weed control but has variable effects on grain yield and net returns

Interest in intercropping semi-leafless field peas (Pisum sativum L.) is increasing as a means of weed control in organic production. We evaluated field pea (cv. CDC Amarillo) grown alone or intercropped with three seeding rates of either barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), mustard (Brassica juncea L.), or oats (Avena sativa L.). A full seeding rate of field pea was used in each instance, resulting in an additive intercropping design. Each crop combination was conducted in a separate experiment, three times over two years (2019 and 2020) in Carman, Manitoba. Measurements included crop and weed biomass production, grain yield and quality, and net return. Intercrops reduced weed biomass at maturity from 17 to 44% with barley and oats being more suppressive than mustard. Intercrops also reduced field pea yield from 6 to 26%, but increased field pea seed mass. Barley at the high seeding rate provided the most weed suppression per unit of field pea yield loss (2.62 kg of weed suppression per kg of field pea yield loss) compared with oat (1.29) and mustard (0.87). Barley and mustard intercrops decreased net return compared to monoculture field pea. Under low weed pressure (1150 kg ha-1 weed biomass at maturity) and earlier seeding, oat intercrops reduced net return. However, under weedy conditions (2649 kg ha-1) and later seeding, field pea-oat intercrops significantly increased net return. In conclusion, while all three intercrop mixtures reduced weed biomass, reductions in field pea yields were observed, and net return benefits were observed only in certain circumstances.

Study of seeded pea lines in a nursery of competitive varietal trials under drought conditions in 2020

Peas are affected by weather conditions. The effects of adverse factors do not affect the formation of the crop for the better. Under the influence of drought and high temperatures, there was an inhibition of growth processes, namely, the construction of the leaf apparatus, which, in turn, led to a sharp decline in seed productivity. It is crucial to have varieties (lines) with a more stable and shorter period from sprouting to maturity, taking into account the sharply changing heat and moisture supply in the Akmola region, making it possible to harvest the crop earlier. The authors obtained the relationship between yield and abiotic factors and morphobiological characteristics of peas in the conditions of the Akmola region for 2020. In their research, the authors found that weather conditions influenced the duration of the growing season 2020 and the grain yield of field peas. The ever-increasing season for pea lines was within 83-91 days. The peculiarities of the lines used, temperature regime and precipitation of the third decade of June influenced the duration of two periods (sprouting-flowering and flowering-ripening). Yields of pea lines in the nursery of competitive variety trials ranged from 2.80 (line 93-04-2) to 18.53 c/ha (line 6-08-7). As a result of their research, the authors found a positive average correlation between plant height and the number of beans (r = 0.33). The average plant height per sample was 62 cm. The average number of beans per plant in the nursery was 5.9, and the average number of seeds was 20.0. The research results can be successfully used in the cultivation of domestic and foreign varieties of field peas. In international practice, the results of this experiment can be applied in the selective improvement of field peas and the creation of new high-tech varieties.

Biomass and Protein Yields of Field Peas and Oats Intercrop Affected by Sowing Norms and Nitrogen Fertilizer at Two Different Stages of Growth

In limited growing conditions, intercropped field peas and oats can represent a significant source of forage rich in protein. If applied correctly, factors such as nitrogen fertilizer, the mowing phase, and sowing norms can significantly increase the productivity of these mixtures. Field trials were conducted to examine their productivity under different nitrogen levels (0, 40, 80 kg ha−1), different sowing norms/mixtures (field peas: oats—100:15%; 100:30%), and two stages of growth (full flowering, full pod formation). Nitrogen fertilizer and different sowing norms had a significant effect on the biomass, hay, and crude protein yields. On average, the highest hay yields were achieved with 80 kg ha−1 N (4.96 t ha−1), followed by 40 kg ha−1 N (4.27 t ha−1). The highest protein yields were achieved with 40 kg ha−1 N (CP—704.1 kg ha−1), followed by 80 kg ha−1 N (CP—637.6 kg ha−1). Sowing norm 100:30% achieved higher hay yields: 100:30%—4.82 t ha−1; 100:15%—4.44 t ha−1, while 100:15% achieved higher crude protein yields: 100:15%—730.4 kg ha−1; 100:30%—692.7 kg ha−1 on average. The costs were not significantly increased with the nitrogen fertilizer, but the net profits were increased by as much as 163%, depending on the nitrogen level and the mixture. Nitrogen fertilizer also achieves higher economic efficiency for the mixture 100:15% compared to the 100:30% mixture. Mixtures of field peas and oats outperform single-grown crops and provide cost-effective feed for a short time. Using optimal seed ratios and nitrogen fertilizer can significantly increase the productivity and profitability of the feed with minimal impact on the overall production costs.

Agronomic Performance in Low Phytic Acid Field Peas

Field pea is a pulse that delivers high protein content, slowly digestible starch and fiber, and many vitamins and minerals, including iron. Naturally occurring plant phytic acid molecules bind iron, lowering its availability for absorption during digestion. Two low phytic acid (lpa) pea lines, 1-2347-144 and 1-150-81, developed by our group had 15% lower yield and 6% lower seed weight relative to their progenitor cultivar. Subsequently, we crossed the two lpa lines and two cultivars, and derived 19 promising lpa pea breeding lines; here we document their agronomic performance based on 10 replicated field trials in Saskatchewan. Seventeen of these lpa lines yielded greater than 95% of the check mean (associated cultivars) and 16 were above 98% of the check mean for 1000 seed weight. The 19 lpa lines showed 27 to 55% lower phytic acid concentration than the check mean. Iron concentrations were similar in all the lpa lines and cultivars, yet the Caco-2 human cell culture assay revealed 14 of the 19 lpa lines had 11 to 55% greater iron bioavailability than check means. Thus, a single round of plant breeding has allowed for closing the gap in performance of low phytic acid pea.

Coupled CFD-DEM Simulation of Seed Flow in an Air Seeder Distributor Tube

Air seeding equipment consists of various machine components that rely on pneumatic conveying of seeds (granular material) for its operation. However, studying air seeder dynamic features in detail is difficult through experimental measurements. A simulation was performed to study seed motion in a horizontal tube section of an air seeder distributor system. The simulation incorporated two-way coupling between discrete element modeling (DEM) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Simulated particles were assigned material properties corresponding to field peas. Air velocity was assigned values of 10, 15, 20, and 25 m/s. The solid loading ratio (SLR) in this study included values between 0.5 and 3 to describe typical seed metering rates used in air seeding. The different pneumatic conveying conditions were studied to determine their overall effect on the average seed velocity and seed contact force. The simulation was validated through the comparison of average seed velocity data from the literature and current pneumatic conveying theory. The effect of SLR on the average seed velocity was found to be not significant for the simulated SLR values. The CFD-DEM simulation was able to capture seed collisions between seeds and the surrounding boundaries. The seed contact force increased with the air velocity, and the number of seed collisions increased with the SLR.

Effects of strip intercropping of canola with faba bean, field pea, garlic, or wheat on control of cabbage aphid and crop yield

The impacts of intercropping of canola (Ca) with faba beans (Fb), field peas (Fp), garlic (G), or wheat (Wh) were evaluated on the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus, 1758), natural enemies and canola yields in row ratios of 3Ca : 3Fb, 3Ca : Fp, 3Ca : 3G, and 3Ca : 3Wh in 2018 and 2019. In both years, the lowest aphid population was recorded in 3Ca : 3G. In 2018, the aphid population was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in 3Ca : 3Fp than in the monoculture, while, in 2019, it was lower in the intercrops compared to the monoculture. Furthermore, none of the intercrops, except 3Ca : 3Fb, showed a significant increase in the predator diversity and parasitism rate. The dry seed weight loss was higher in the monoculture and 3Ca : 3Wh than in the other intercrops. Based upon the obtained results, decreasing the density of the cabbage aphid and increasing the canola yield by intercropping canola with the faba bean, the field pea or garlic is possible with this system. The inferences of these outcomes, which are associated with the integrated pest management (IPM) in canola cropping systems, are discussed.

NEW VARIETY OF FIELD PEAS VYATICH

The article provides a brief economic and biological characteristics of a new variety of field peas Vyatich, transferred to the State variety testing in 2020. The variety was created by individual selection from the hybrid population of Kazanets x K-3283. According to morphological characteristics, Vyatich belongs to the varieties of the mustachioed morphotype. The stem is simple, medium length (45-120 cm), purple flowers, inflorescence-2-3 axillary brush flowers. Seeds are greenish-brown with a purple speck, medium-small with a fused peduncle (weight of 1000 seeds 140-170 g). The variety is medium-ripened, Matures 2 days later than the standard. According to the competitive variety testing for 2016-2019, the average yield of Vyatich grain was 3.65 t / ha, green mass-32.2 t / ha, dry mass-5.67 t / ha, exceeding the ryabchik standard by 58.7%, 33.0% and 43.9%, respectively. According to the results of structural analysis, the Vyatich variety has an advantage in the number of beans and grains per plant (0.9 and 4.1 PCs higher than the standard). accordingly), the number of beans on the fruit node (more than 0.3 PCs.), the weight of seeds from the plant (more than 0.4 g). The average height of the new plant variety is 79 cm, and it is very resistant to lodging. The protein content in the grain averaged 20.6%, in the dry vegetative mass-14.2%. The gross yield of crude protein was 743 kg / ha for grain and 783 kg / ha for green mass, which is 60% and 54% higher than the standard, respectively. The Vyatich variety is recommended to be cultivated in single-species crops and used for forage purposes.

The Influence of Different Fertilization Strategies on the Grain Yield of Field Peas (Pisum sativum L.) under Conventional and Conservation Tillage

Weather, tillage, and fertilization are the major factors affecting the grain yield of field peas (Pisum sativum L.). However, the impact of tillage and fertilization on yield is not well understood. Therefore, this experiment was initiated in 1999. In this manuscript, we report the data recorded during the period of 2011–2015 to quantify the impacts on yield. Field peas were planted in seedbeds prepared through conventional tillage (CT)—moldboard ploughing to the depth of 0.22 m; and minimum tillage (MT)—disking to the depth of 0.12 m. The crop received three fertilization treatments, including zero fertilization (control); nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) mineral fertilization treatment; and NPK mineral fertilization plus the incorporation of pre-crop biomass. Five years’ average data indicated the highest yield on fertilized treatments (2.85–2.98 t ha−1 vs. 2.66 t ha−1) regardless of the tillage. When comparing the yield of fertilized treatments, the yield under CT (2.98 t ha−1) was significantly higher than that of MT (2.85 t ha−1). However, on non-fertilized treatments (less fertile plots), a higher yield was recorded under MT (2.71 t ha−1) compared with CT (2.40 t ha−1). Overall, the results of this study suggest that fertilizer application together with incorporation of the above-ground biomass of the previous crop may help sustain pea grain yield.