scholarly journals Outbreak of Tobacco streak virus Causing Necrosis of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and Gherkin (Cucumis anguria) in India

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (10) ◽  
pp. 1264-1264 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Krishnareddy ◽  
Devaraj ◽  
Lakshmi Raman ◽  
Salil Jalali ◽  
D. K. Samuel
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Cucumis Sativus ◽  
Yellow Mosaic Virus ◽  
Tobacco Streak Virus ◽  
Streak Virus ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Indicator Plants

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and Gherkin (Cucumis anguria L.) are important cucurbitaceous vegetables grown in India for slicing and pickling. During the 2000 to 2002 rainy season and summer, a new virus disease, causing yield losses of 31 to 75% in Bangalore, Bellary, Davanagiree, and Tumkur districts of Karnataka State, infected cucumber and gherkin. Symptoms were tip necrosis characterized by necrotic lesions on leaves, and a general leaf and stem necrosis extending to mid veins, petioles, flower buds and tip, eventually resulting in dieback of vines. Tissue extracts from symptomatic leaves of cucumber and gherkin were mechanically inoculated on several herbaceous indicator plants (cowpea, cucumber, pepper, Zinnia, watermelon, Chenopodium amaranticolor, sunflower, Nicotiana glutinosa, N. tabacum, and Gomphrena globosa). On most hosts, symptoms of chlorotic or necrotic lesions followed by mottle or systemic necrosis were observed. Back-inoculation from the symptomatic indicator plants onto cucumber and gherkin resulted in symptoms typical of those observed in the field. Electron microscopic examination of leaf-dip preparation and ultra thin sections of virus infected plant samples showed the presence of isometric particles 25 to 28 nm in diameter. Similar types of particles were observed when infected samples were trapped in immunosorbent electron microscopy with polyclonal antibodies specific to Tobacco Streak virus (TSV) but not to Watermelon silver mottle virus (WSMV). Enzymelinked immunosorbent assay tests using leaf extracts of field-collected samples and sap-inoculated plants showed positive reaction to antibodies of TSV (1) but not to antibodies of Cucumber mosaic virus, WSMV, Watermelon bud necrosis virus, Papaya ring spot virus W strain, and Zucchini yellow mosaic virus. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of RNA extracts of infected samples of field and inoculated symptomatic plants was done by using primers derived from TSV RNA3 specific for the coat protein (CP) region of TSV (2). A 800-bp specific DNA fragment was amplified from infected cucumber and gherkin but not from healthy control plants. Sequence analysis of cloned PCR fragments revealed nucleotide identities of 99% with TSV isolates from cotton, mungbean, sunnhemp, and sunflower (GenBank Accessions Nos. AF515824, AF515823, AF515825, and AY061929) and 88% with TSV-WC (GenBank Accession No. X00435). On the basis of host range, serological relationship, electron microscopy, and sequence analysis of the CP region, the virus was identified as a strain of TSV. To our knowledge, this is the first report of natural occurrence of TSV on cucumber and gherkin in India. References: (1). A. I. Bhat et al. Arch. Virol. 147:651, 2002. (2). B. J. C. Cornelissen et al. Nucleic Acids Res.12:2427, 1984.

scholarly journals Occurrence and Relative Incidence of Viruses Infecting Soybeans in Iran

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (10) ◽  
pp. 1069-1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Golnaraghi ◽  
N. Shahraeen ◽  
R. Pourrahim ◽  
Sh. Farzadfar ◽  
A. Ghasemi
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Soybean Mosaic Virus ◽  
Alfalfa Mosaic Virus ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Ringspot Virus ◽  
Yellow Mosaic Virus ◽  
Tobacco Streak Virus ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Streak Virus ◽  
Natural Occurrence

A survey was conducted to determine the incidence of Alfalfa mosaic virus (AlMV), Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), Blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (BlCMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV), Peanut mottle virus (PeMoV), Soybean mosaic virus (SMV), Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV), Tobacco streak virus (TSV), Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV), and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) on soybean (Glycine max) in Iran. Totals of 3,110 random and 1,225 symptomatic leaf samples were collected during the summers of 1999 and 2000 in five provinces of Iran, where commercial soybean is grown, and tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using specific polyclonal antibodies. Serological diagnoses were confirmed by electron microscopy and host range studies. The highest virus incidence among the surveyed provinces was recorded in Mazandaran (18.6%), followed by Golestan (15.7%), Khuzestan (14.2%), Ardabil (13.9%), and Lorestan (13.5%). Incidence of viruses in decreasing order was SMV (13.3%), TSWV (5.4%), TRSV (4.2%), TSV (4.1%), PEMV (2.9%), BYMV (2.2%), ToRSV (2.1%), AlMV (1.3%), BCMV (0.8%), and CMV (0.6%). Additionally, 1.5% of collected leaf samples had positive reactions in ELISA with antiserum to TMV, indicating the possible infection of soybeans in Iran with a Tobamovirus that is related serologically to TMV. Of 195 leaves from plants showing soybean pod set failure syndrome (PSF) in Mazandaran and Lorestan, only 14 (7.2%) samples had viral infection. No correlation was observed between PSF and presence of the 13 viruses tested, suggesting the involvement of other viruses or factors in this syndrome. To investigate the presence of seed-borne viruses, including SMV, TRSV, ToRSV, and TSV, 7,830 soybean seeds were collected randomly at harvesting time from the major sites of soybean seed production located in Mazandaran and Golestan provinces. According to ELISA analyses of germinated seedlings, 7.1 and 8.9% of the seed samples from Golestan and Mazandaran provinces, respectively, transmitted either SMV, TRSV, ToRSV, or TSV through seed. We also showed that SMV and other seed transmissible viruses, as well as TSWV, usually are the most prevalent viruses in soybean fields in Iran. In this survey, natural occurrence of AlMV, BCMV, BlCMV, BYMV, CMV, PEMV, PeMoV, and TSWV was reported for the first time on soybeans in Iran.

scholarly journals Assessment of Common Soybean-Infecting Viruses in Ohio, USA, Through Multi-site Sampling and High-Throughput Sequencing

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junping Han ◽  
Leslie L. Domier ◽  
Bryan J. Cassone ◽  
Anne Dorrance ◽  
Feng Qu
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Soybean Mosaic Virus ◽  
Alfalfa Mosaic Virus ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Yellow Mosaic Virus ◽  
Tobacco Streak Virus ◽  
Streak Virus

Multi-site sampling was conducted during 2011 and 2012 to assess the scope of virus disease problems of soybean in Ohio, USA. A total of 259 samples were collected from 80 soybean fields distributed in 42 Ohio counties, accounting for more than 90% of major soybean-growing counties in Ohio. A high-throughput RNA-Seq approach was adopted to identify all viruses in the samples that share sufficient sequence similarities with known plant viruses. To minimize sequencing costs, total RNA extracted from up to 20 samples were first pooled to make up regional pools, resulting in eight regional pools per year in both 2011 and 2012. These regional pools were further pooled into two yearly master pools of RNA, and sequenced using the Illumina's HiSeq2000 platform. Bioinformatic analyses of sequence reads led to the identification of signature sequences of nine different viruses. The originating locations of these viruses were then mapped with PCR or RT-PCR. This study confirmed the widespread distribution of Bean pod mottle virus, Soybean vein necrosis virus, Tobacco ringspot virus, and Tobacco streak virus in Ohio. It additionally revealed occasional association of Alfalfa mosaic virus, Bean yellow mosaic virus, Clover yellow vein virus, Soybean mosaic virus, and Soybean Putnam virus with Ohio soybean. This is the first statewide survey of soybean viruses in Ohio, and provides the much-needed baseline information for management of virus diseases of soybean. Accepted for publication 20 May 2016. Published 10 June 2016.

scholarly journals Three Previously Unrecorded Viral Diseases of Astilbe, Fuschia, and Thermopsis Species in Minnesota

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (7) ◽  
pp. 775-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. E. L. Lockhart
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Yellow Mosaic Virus ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Indicator Plants ◽  
Virus Like Particles ◽  
Leaf Deformation

Interest in virus diseases of perennial ornamentals has been increasing because of their increasing monetary value, because wholesale producers perceive an advantage in marketing disease-free stock, and because widespread international movement of these plants carries the risk of introduction of exotic viruses. In an ongoing study to identify and document viral diseases of perennial ornamentals used in the United States commercial horticultural industry, three virus-like diseases of astilbe (Astilbe chinensis), fuschia (Fuschia cv. Gartenmeister) and false lupine (Thermopsis caroliniana) occurring in Minnesota were investigated. Symptomatic plants were selected from lots in commercial greenhouses and garden centers in several locations in Minnesota. Astilbe with systemic chlorosis was found to be infected with Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV). Fuschia with leaf mottling and leaf deformation was found to be infected with Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), and false lupine with mosaic and leaf deformation symptoms was found to be infected with Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV). Identification of the three viruses was based on: 1) virion presence and morphology in partially purified leaf extracts using electron microscopy (EM) and immunosorbent electron microscopy (1); 2) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using crude leaf extracts; and 3) biological properties, including symptoms produced in indicator plants. Antisera to BYMV (ATCC PVAS-368), CMV (ATCC PVAS-30), and TRSV (ATCC PVAS-157) were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA. No other virus-like particles were observed with EM in partially purified leaf extracts of the three plants, no virus-like particles were observed in similar preparations from asymptomatic plants, and indicator plant tests did not indicate the presence of any other mechanically transmissible viruses. The TRSV isolate from astilbe and the BYMV isolate from false lupine produced typical symptoms on indicator plants susceptible to known isolates of these two viruses. The CMV isolate from fuschia was similar to previously described isolates of CMV (2) in most respects and was readily transmitted in a nonpersistent manner by Myzus persicae, but was unusual in that it did not infect Nicotiania benthamiana, N. glutinosa, and tomato, which are normally highly susceptible to infection by CMV. The identity of the fuschia CMV isolate was further confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification with CMV-specific oligonucleotide primers (3). The PCR product was of the predicted size (500 bp) and was cleaved by restriction digestion with EcoRI, suggesting that the fuschia virus is a Type II CMV isolate (3). To my knowledge, this is the first report of TRSV infection in astilbe, CMV infection in fuschia, and of a viral disease of false lupine. References: (1) Y. C. Ahlawat et al. Plant Dis. 80:590, 1996. (2) A. A. Brunt et al. Viruses of Plants. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 1995. (3) S. Wylie et al. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 44:41, 1993.

scholarly journals Fruit Distortion Mosaic Disease of Okra in India

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (11) ◽  
pp. 1395-1395 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Krishnareddy ◽  
Salil Jalali ◽  
D. K. Samuel
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Mosaic Disease ◽  
Tobacco Streak Virus ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Streak Virus ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Local Lesions

Okra (Abelmoscus esculentus (L.) Moench) is an important vegetable crop of India and other subropical and tropical countries. In 2000 and 2001, in the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, okra was severely affected by a new disease. Since that time, the disease has spread to other states: Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, and Maharashtra. Chlorotic spots, chlorotic leaf blotches, distortion of leaves, chlorotic streaking, distortion of fruits, and severe yield losses as much as 63% characterize the disease. The causal virus induces local and systemic chlorotic and necrotic lesions on Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. cv. C-152 and Chenopodium amaranticolor Coste & Reyne., chlorotic local lesions and mosaic on Cucumis sativus L., necrotic local lesions on Gossypium hirsutum L. and black gram (Vigna mungo L.), and chlorotic local lesions and systemic necrosis on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Host reactions on these species are similar to those described for the ilarvirus Tobacco streak virus (TSV) (3). Electron microscopic observation of leafdip preparations from field samples and partially purified virus preparations revealed the presence of isometric virus particles measuring 25 to 30 nm in diameter. The virus was purified from mechanically inoculated okra by differential and sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and disease symptoms were reproduced in okra mechanically inoculated with the purified virus. In direct antigen coated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunosorbent electron microscopy tests, the purified virus and sap extracts reacted positively with polyclonal antibodies to TSV, the ilarvirus associated with sunflower necrosis and peanut stem necrosis diseases (1,2), but did not react positively to Turnip mosaic virus and Okra mosaic virus that are previously reported to infect okra. In reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), using oligonucleotide primers designed to amplify the entire coat protein region of TSV, an approximately 800-bp DNA fragment was obtained from purified virus and okra displaying fruit distortion mosaic disease (OFDM) but not from healthy okra. On the basis of host range, serological relationship, electron microscopy, and RTPCR amplification, the virus causing OFDM is an ilarvirus closely related to TSV. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of an ilarvirus in okra, and is the third and most recent report of an ilarvirus related to TSV causing disease in crops on the Indian subcontinent (1,2). References:(1). A. I. Bhat et al. Arch. Virol. 147:651, 2002. (2). A. S. Reddy et al. Plant Dis. 86:173, 2002. (3). S. W. Scott. Tobacco streak virus. No 381 in: Descriptions of Plant Viruses. CMI/AAB, Surrey, U.K., 2001.

scholarly journals Alternanthera mosaic virus Found in Scutellaria, Crossandra, and Portulaca spp. in Florida

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 833-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Baker ◽  
L. Breman ◽  
L. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
United States ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
The United States ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Indicator Plants ◽  
Partial Identity ◽  
Pcr Products

In the fall of 1998, the Division of Plant Industry (DPI) received vegetative propagations of Scutellaria longifolia (skullcap) with symptoms of foliar mosaic, chlorotic/necrotic ringspots, and wavy line patterns from a nursery in Manatee County. Flexuous particles approximately 500 nm long were found with electron microscopy. The plants tested positive for Papaya mosaic virus (PaMV) in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test with antiserum to PaMV (Agdia, Elkhart, IN). However, in immunodiffusion tests (antiserum from D. Purcifull, University of Florida), this virus gave a reaction of partial identity indicating it was related but not identical to PaMV (1). The original infected plants were kept in a greenhouse. In January 2005, a specimen of Crossandra infundibuliformis (firecracker plant) with mosaic symptoms was submitted to the DPI from a nursery in Alachua County. Inclusions found with light microscopy and particles found with electron microscopy indicated that this plant was infected with a potexvirus. This was confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with primers designed to detect members of the virus family Potexviridae (3). These plants reacted positive to PaMV antiserum in ELISA and gave a reaction of partial identity to PaMV in immunodiffusion. A specimen of Portulaca grandiflora (moss rose) with distorted leaves found at a local retail store was also tested and gave the same results. Leaves from each of the three plant species were rubbed onto a set of indicator plants using Carborundum and potassium phosphate buffer. Total RNA was extracted from symptomatic indicator plants of Nicotiana benthamiana. RT-PCR (3) was performed, and PCR products were sequenced directly. Sequences of approximately 700 bp were obtained for all three plant species and showed 98% identity with each other. BLAST search results showed that these sequences were 93% identical to an Alternanthera mosaic virus (AltMV) sequence at the nucleotide level but only 76% identical to PaMV. The amino acid sequences were 98 and 82% identical to AltMV and PaMV, respectively. The PCR products of the virus from Scutellaria sp. were cloned, resequenced, and the sequence was entered into the GenBank (Accession No. DQ393785). The bioassay results matched those found for AltMV in Australia (2) and the northeastern United States (4), except that the Florida viruses infected Datura stramonium and Digitalis purpurea (foxglove). The virus associated with the symptoms of these three plants appears to be AltMV and not PaMV. AltMV has been found in ornamental plants in Australia, Italy, and the United States (Pennsylvania, Maryland, and now Florida). Since this virus is known to infect several plants asymptomatically and can be easily confused with PaMV serologically, it is likely that the distribution of this virus is much wider than is known at this time. References: (1) L. L. Breman. Plant Pathology Circular No. 396. Fla. Dept. Agric. Consum. Serv. DPI, 1999. (2) A. D. W. Geering and J. E. Thomas. Arch Virol 144:577, 1999. (3) A. Gibbs et al. J Virol Methods 74:67, 1998. (4) J. Hammond et al. Arch Virol. 151:477, 2006.

ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF TWO SMALL SPHERICAL PLANT VIRUSES IN THIN SECTIONS

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 821-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Edwardson ◽  
D. E. Purcifull ◽  
R. G. Christie
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Tobacco Necrosis Virus ◽  
Necrosis Virus ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Southern Bean Mosaic Virus

Particles within lesions of leaf tissue infected with either tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) or southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV) were compared with particles in embedded pellets of purified preparations of these viruses by an examination of thin sections. The mode of the diameters of particles in tissues and pellets was 20.5 mµ.It is assumed that the particles in infected tissues are virus particles on the basis of their similarities in size, shape, and arrangement with the particles in purified preparations.

scholarly journals DNA Analysis Confirms Macroptilium lathyroides as Alternative Host of Bean golden yellow mosaic virus

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (9) ◽  
pp. 1022-1025 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Bracero ◽  
L. I. Rivera ◽  
J. S. Beaver
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Yellow Mosaic Virus ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence Analysis ◽  
Alternative Host ◽  
Degenerate Primers ◽  
Viral Dna ◽  
Golden Yellow ◽  
Macroptilium Lathyroides

The leguminous weed Macroptilium lathyroides is considered a potential host of the Bean golden yellow mosaic virus (BGYMV; BGMV = Mesoamerican isolates). To determine if M. lathyroides could be a host for BGYMV, an infectivity cycle was established between this weed and Phaseolus vulgaris. Virus transmission was carried out using the whitefly, Bemisia argentifolli, as a vector. Inoculated plants of both species were examined for symptoms such as mosaic, stunting, and leaf distortion. P. vulgaris and M. lathyroides showed golden yellow mosaic symptoms during all infectivity cycle stages. Symptomatic plants of both species were tested for BGYMV using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nucleotide sequence analysis. Two degenerate primers sets were used for PCR to detect viral DNA: PAL1v1978/PAR1c715 and PCRc2/PBL12039. PCR analysis using primers PCRc2/PBL12039 amplified viral DNA for component B from both plant species. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed a 93% identity between the virus isolated from M. lathyroides and the Puerto Rican isolate of BGYMV. These results confirmed that M. lathyroides could serve as an alternative host of BGYMV and that an infectivity cycle of BGYMV could possibly occur between P. vulgaris and M. lathyroides in Puerto Rico.

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