Use of Selenate-Resistant Strains as Markers for the Spread and Survival of Botrytis cinerea Under Greenhouse Conditions

N. Korolev; T. Katan; Y. Elad

doi:10.1094/phyto-96-1195

Use of Selenate-Resistant Strains as Markers for the Spread and Survival of Botrytis cinerea Under Greenhouse Conditions

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-96-1195 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 96 (11) ◽

pp. 1195-1203 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

N. Korolev ◽

T. Katan ◽

Y. Elad

Keyword(s):

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Plant Tissue ◽

Fungicide Resistance ◽

Total Population ◽

Warm Season ◽

Type B ◽

Wild Type ◽

Plant Debris ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Resistant Strains

Botrytis cinerea marked strains combining traits of fungicide resistance or sensitivity (carbendazim, iprodione) with resistance to selenate were created and assessed for use in studying the dispersal of B. cinerea and its survival inside plant tissue under greenhouse conditions. Marked strains differed in their ability to cause lesions and to disperse in the greenhouse. A strain that was the most aggressive in infecting plants was also the most successful in spreading across the greenhouse. Following 7 to 14 days of exposure to marked inoculum, about 90% of plants showed quiescent B. cinerea infection with no significant difference between hosts or seasons. However, in a warm season, most of the plants were infected with wild-type B. cinerea, whereas most of the winter-recovered B. cinerea strains were of the marked phenotype, showing the importance of local inoculum from within the glasshouse in winter. The air of the greenhouse contained the same population of marked B. cinerea in warm and in cold periods, whereas the total population was significantly higher in summer. In the warm season, mycelium of B. cinerea inside plant debris lost viability within 3 to 4 months, whereas it stayed viable for 4 months in the winter (December to March) and started to lose viability in April.

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Development and Significance of Dicarboximide Resistance in Sclerotinia minor Isolates from Commercial Lettuce Fields in California

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.1997.81.2.148 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 81 (2) ◽

pp. 148-153 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

J. C. Hubbard ◽

K. V. Subbarao ◽

S. T. Koike

Keyword(s):

Fungicide Resistance ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Vegetative Mycelium ◽

Wild Type ◽

In Vitro Production ◽

Field Isolates ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

Measurable Growth ◽

Vitro Production

Three growth stages of each of 20 Sclerotinia minor isolates were tested for resistance to iprodione. Sclerotia and both vegetative and mature mycelium of each isolate were plated on potato-dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 0, 1, 5, 10, 25, and 100 µg of the fungicide per ml, and radial growth was measured. All wild-type field isolates were initially sensitive and did not grow in the presence of iprodione. However, fungicide resistance arose readily in vitro. All 20 isolates produced measurable growth (≥2 mm) on iprodione at 5 µg/ml after 2 weeks when started from mature mycelium, and 18 of 20 isolates produced measurable growth after 4 weeks when started from vegetative mycelium. In general, fungicide-resistant growth arose more frequently and mean colony diameters were significantly greater (P ≤ 0.05) with mature mycelium than with vegetative mycelium at all times and concentrations. In sclerotial germination tests, at least 1% of sclerotia germinated in 18 of 20 isolates after 2 weeks on iprodione at 5 µg/ml, and in 19 of 20 isolates after 5 weeks on 100 µg/ml. Of growth produced on 79 plates containing iprodione, 73 remained viable on PDA after 5 months, and 71 retained resistance to 5 µg/ml. Seventy of these also exhibited cross-resistance to vinclozolin, another dicarboximide fungicide. Pathogenicity of five fungicide-resistant strains was tested in greenhouse, microplot, and field experiments, with and without iprodione. Two months after in vitro production, one of the five resistant strains was avirulent, but disease incidence for the other four ranged from 40 to 75%, compared with 40% for the wild-type isolates. However, the virulence of the fungicide-resistant strains declined over time. Ten months after their production, two of the isolates were avirulent and disease incidence for the others ranged from 3 to 17%, compared with 40 to 90% for the wild-type isolates. The strains that remained virulent 5 and 7 months after in vitro production were not significantly controlled by iprodione sprayed according to labeled rates, although disease was significantly controlled by the fungicide in treatments inoculated with wild-type field isolates (P > 0.05). In experiments in commercial fields to determine the efficacy of fungicide sprays on the wild-type S. minor population, there was no evidence that fungicide resistance was the cause of lack of lettuce drop control observed in many coastal California fields. Application of fungicides at a less than optimal time may account for some incidents of control failure.

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Acquisition of fungicide-resistance by the sensitive strain contact-cultured with dicarboximide fungicide-resistant strains of Botrytis cinerea.

Japanese Journal of Phytopathology ◽

10.3186/jjphytopath.54.290 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 54 (3) ◽

pp. 290-295 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Katsumi AKUTSU ◽

Akira KUBO ◽

Satoshi OKUYAMA

Keyword(s):

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Fungicide Resistance ◽

Sensitive Strain ◽

Resistant Strains

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The Endochitinase of Clonostachysrosea Expression in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Enhances the Botrytis cinerea Resistance of Tomato

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms19082221 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (8) ◽

pp. 2221 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Yangyang Zheng ◽

Xudong Wang ◽

Siyuan Liu ◽

Kewei Zhang ◽

Zhibo Cai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Superoxide Dismutase ◽

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Molecular Mechanism ◽

Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens ◽

Chitinase Activity ◽

Wild Type ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Significant Difference ◽

In The Wild ◽

Related Enzyme

To investigate whether the ech42 gene in Clonostachysrosea can improve the biocontrol efficacy of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and its molecular mechanism. Compared to the wild type, the B. amyloliquefaciens transformed with the ech42 gene exhibited higher chitinase activity. The B. amyloliquefaciens-ech42 also showed significantly higher biocontrol efficiency compared to Botrytiscinerea when tomato plants were pre-treated with B. amyloliquefaciens-ech42. No significant difference in biocontrol efficiency was observed between the wild type and B.amyloliquefaciens-ech42 when tomato plants were first infected by Botrytiscinerea. In addition, the activity of the defense-related enzyme polyphenol oxidase, but not superoxide dismutase, was significantly higher in B. amyloliquefaciens-ech42 than in the wild type. The ech42 enhances the biocontrol efficiency of B.amyloliquefaciens by increasing the capacity of preventative/curative effects in plants, rather than by killing the pathogens.

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FUNGICIDE RESISTANCE IN BOTRYTIS CINEREA, THE RESULT OF SELECTIVE PRESSURE ON RESISTANT STRAINS ALREADY PRESENT IN NATURE

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps76-139 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 56 (4) ◽

pp. 861-864 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

A. T. BOLTON

Keyword(s):

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Fungicide Resistance ◽

Selective Pressure ◽

The Other ◽

Resistant Strains

Spores of Botrytis cinerea Pers. were obtained from snapdragon plants never exposed to fungicides. A few spores produced sporulating colonies on first exposure to benomyl, dicloran, and the experimental fungicide Bay Meb 6447 (triadimefon). Spores resistant to one fungicide were susceptible to the other two. Succeeding generations from the resistant colonies produced increasing numbers of resistant spores due to selective pressure exerted by the particular fungicide. Spores isolated from plants of fuchsia, geranium, and tuberous begonia that had been exposed to benomyl were completely resistant to this fungicide, but not to dicloran or triadimefon. Isolates from zinnia, marigold, and viola were susceptible to benomyl and exhibited some resistance to dicloran and triadimefon. No differences in pathogenicity were observed among susceptible and resistant strains.

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Azoxystrobin resistance of Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr. isolates

Acta Agraria Debreceniensis ◽

10.34101/actaagrar/43/2638 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 56-63

Author(s):

Ferenc Takács ◽

Mojtaba Asadollahi ◽

Erzsébet Karaffa

Keyword(s):

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Fungicide Resistance ◽

Alternative Oxidase ◽

Plant Protection ◽

Main Method ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Fungal Populations ◽

Frequent Infection ◽

Chemical Fungicides

Fungicide resistance is one of the most important problems endangering the effectivity of practical plant protection today. The frequent and subsequent usage of specific fungicides results the emergence of resistant fungal populations. This threatens is especially high in case of Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr. being an endemic pathogen with frequent infection. Nowadays the main method of protection as against Botrytis cinerea is the application of chemical fungicides chemicals. Therefore, a better knowledge of local populations is necessary for the planning of the protection procedures.Based on the results of our examinations we may establish that the growth of the examined samples showed a significant difference under in vitro circumstances, which shows a great deal of variability of the Botrytis cinerea populations in Hungary. Twenty-five Botrytis cinerea samples from different hosts were analyzed in this study. High resistance was found towards azoxistrobin in seven cases, and low resistance in eight cases.It was also proved, that the B. cinerea is able to bypass the inhibition site of the azoxistrobin via the alternative oxidase. The presence of this altermative mitocondrial electrotransport route considerably reduces the effectivity of the chemical.

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Occurrence of Fungicide Resistance in Botrytis cinerea from Greenhouse Tomato in Hubei Province, China

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-03-16-0395-re ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 100 (12) ◽

pp. 2414-2421 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

F. Fan ◽

N. Li ◽

G. Q. Li ◽

C. X. Luo

Keyword(s):

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Fungicide Resistance ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Gray Mold ◽

Hubei Province ◽

Early Summer ◽

Greenhouse Tomato ◽

Tubulin Genes ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Stability Of Resistance

During the early summer of 2012 and 2013, samples of gray mold were collected from greenhouse tomato at eight locations in Hubei Province, and 221 isolates of Botrytis cinerea were obtained and evaluated for the sensitivity to fungicides carbendazim, diethofencarb, boscalid, fludioxonil, and cyprodinil. Results showed that isolates with resistance to carbendazim and cyprodinil were widespread, whereas isolates with resistance to carbendazim and diethofencarb were found at only two locations. No isolates with resistance to boscalid or fludioxonil were detected. Altogether, four resistant phenotypes were determined (i.e., CarRDieSCypS, CarRDieRCypS, CarRDieSCypR, and CarRDieRCypR). Among them, CarRDieSCypS and CarRDieSCypR were widely distributed, and there was a dominant resistant phenotype at each location. Interestingly, isolates resistant only to cyprodinil were not obtained because the resistance to cyprodinil was always associated with the resistance to carbendazim, demonstrating that a phenotype of multiple fungicide resistance of B. cinerea was more likely to have evolved from previously resistant subpopulations. Stability of resistance to carbendazim, diethofencarb, and cyprodinil was assessed, and the resistance was stable. Fitness tests showed that, as a group, the carbendazim-resistant isolates were not significantly different from sensitive isolates. However, the mycelial growth and virulence of the carbendazim, diethofencarb, and cyprodinil triple-resistant group were significantly lower than the sensitive group, indicating that the triple-resistant isolates suffered from the disability of colonizing the hosts. It should be noted that there was no significant difference for other fitness components (e.g., sporulation or osmotic sensitivity to NaCl), suggesting that the triple-resistant isolates were still competitive in these traits. To investigate the mechanisms of resistance to carbendazim and diethofencarb, partial β-tubulin genes of 10 carbendazim-resistant isolates and 5 isolates resistant to carbendazim and diethofencarb were sequenced, and all 10 carbendazim-resistant isolates harbored the mutation E198V or E198A. For the 5 isolates resistant to carbendazim and diethofencarb, all of them possessed the mutation E198K, and no other mutations were detected. The location-specific resistance profiles found in this study are crucial in designing proper gray mold management strategies in these areas.

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Induction of dicarboximide fungicide-resistance with filtrates of the resistant strains of Botrytis cinerea.

Japanese Journal of Phytopathology ◽

10.3186/jjphytopath.54.593 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 54 (5) ◽

pp. 593-599 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Katsumi AKUTSU ◽

Tatsuyuki IRINO ◽

Akira KUBO ◽

Satoshi OKUYAMA ◽

Tadaaki HIBI

Keyword(s):

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Fungicide Resistance ◽

Resistant Strains

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Resistance to Pyraclostrobin and Boscalid in Botrytis cinerea Isolates from Strawberry Fields in the Carolinas

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-12-11-1049-re ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 96 (8) ◽

pp. 1198-1203 ◽

Cited By ~ 80

Author(s):

Dolores Fernández-Ortuño ◽

Fengping Chen ◽

Guido Schnabel

Keyword(s):

North Carolina ◽

South Carolina ◽

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Fungicide Resistance ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Gray Mold ◽

Early Summer ◽

Polymorphism Analysis ◽

Single Spore ◽

Resistant Strains

Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of gray mold disease, is one of the most important plant-pathogenic fungi affecting strawberry. During the last decade, control of gray mold disease in the southeastern United States has largely been dependent on captan and the use of at-risk fungicides with single-site modes of action, including a combination of the quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicide pyraclostrobin and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide boscalid formulated as Pristine 38WG. Reports about loss of efficacy of Pristine in experimental fields in North Carolina prompted us to collect and examine 216 single-spore isolates from 10 conventional fields and 1 organic field in North Carolina and South Carolina in early summer 2011. Sensitivity to pyraclostrobin or boscalid was determined using a conidial germination assay with previously published discriminatory doses. Pyraclostrobin- and pyraclostrobin+boscalid-resistant isolates were found in all conventional fields (with some populations revealing no sensitive isolates) and in the organic field. Among the isolates collected, 66.7% were resistant to pyraclostrobin and 61.5% were resistant to both pyraclostrobin and boscalid. No isolates were identified that were resistant to boscalid but sensitive to pyraclostrobin, indicating that dual resistance may have derived from a QoI-resistant population. The molecular basis of QoI and SDHI fungicide resistance was determined in a subset of isolates. Polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the partial cytochrome b (CYTB) gene showed that pyraclostrobin-resistant isolates possessed the G143A mutation known to confer high levels of QoI fungicide resistance in fungi. Boscalid-resistant isolates revealed point mutations at codon 272 leading to the substitution of histidine to arginine (H272R) or tyrosine (H272Y), affecting the third Fe-S cluster region of the iron-sulfur protein (SdhB) target of SDHIs. The results of the study show that resistance to QoI fungicides and dual resistance to QoI and SDHI fungicides is common in B. cinerea from strawberry fields in the Carolinas. Resistant strains were more frequent in locations heavily sprayed with QoI and SDHI fungicides. However, resistance to both fungicides was also found in the unsprayed, organic field, indicating that some resistant strains may have been introduced from the nursery.

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