scholarly journals Serum Progesterone in Pregnant Rats with Ectopic or in situ Corpora Lutea: Correlation Between Amount of Luteal Tissue and Progesterone Concentration1, 2

1975 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 541-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Elbaum ◽  
Edward M. Bender ◽  
Judith M. Brown ◽  
P. Landis Keyes
Keyword(s):  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Serum Progesterone ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Luteal Tissue

THE PERSISTENCE OF PROGESTERONE SECRETION IN PREGNANT RATS AFTER HYPOPHYSECTOMY AND HYSTERECTOMY: A COMPARISON WITH PSEUDOPREGNANT, DECIDUOMATABEARING PSEUDOPREGNANT, AND LACTATING RATS

1973 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. ROTHCHILD ◽  
R. B. BILLIAR ◽  
I. T. KLINE ◽  
G. PEPE
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Clearance Rate ◽  
Progesterone Level ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Metabolic Clearance ◽  
Metabolic Clearance Rate ◽  
Serum Progesterone ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Oestrogen Treatment ◽  
Progesterone Secretion

SUMMARY To test the hypothesis of Raj & Moudgal (1970) that luteinizing hormone (LH) is the essential luteotrophin during pregnancy in the rat, pregnant rats were hypophysectomized and hysterectomized on either day 12 or day 15 of pregnancy, and the changes in peripheral serum progesterone level measured. The serum progesterone level remained at approximately the day-12 value for 3 days after hypophysectomy and hysterectomy on day 12, but fell drastically and remained low after the same operation on day 15, or in pseudopregnant rats operated on on day 12, or after removal of the ovaries from pregnant rats on day 12. Oestrogen treatment increased the serum progesterone level slightly in the pregnant rats after hypophysectomy and hysterectomy, but not after ovariectomy; it had no effect in the pseudopregnant rats, with or without deciduomata, or in lactating rats nursing litters of seven to nine pups. The corpora lutea stopped growing or slowly regressed soon after hypophysectomy—hysterectomy in all except the pregnant rats operated on on day 12 and treated with oestrogen, and in these growth was very slight. The luteal content of progesterone did not change for 3 days after hypophysectomy—hysterectomy on day 12 of pregnancy, and fell slightly thereafter. The metabolic clearance rate of progesterone was not significantly changed by hypophysectomy—hysterectomy. It thus appears that true secretion of progesterone continues in pregnant rats for about 3 days after day 12 in the absence of the pituitary and placentas, but at a much lower rate than that found in intact, or in day-12 hypophysectomized pregnant rats (Pepe & Rothchild, 1972a). The placental luteotrophin thus seems to increase the rate of progesterone secretion in the absence of LH. The results do not seem to fit with the hypothesis that LH is essential for progesterone secretion.

Potentiation by prolactin of the luteotrophic effect of oestradiol in the pregnant rat

1982 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard G. Rodway ◽  
David R. Garris
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Period ◽  
Daily Treatment ◽  
Serum Prolactin ◽  
Renal Capsule ◽  
Serum Progesterone ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Pregnant Rat ◽  
Luteal Function ◽  
Progesterone Secretion

Abstract. The luteotrophic effects of elevated prolactin levels with or without concomitant oestradiol treatment were investigated in the pregnant rat after hysterectomy or hysterectomy plus hypophysectomy. On day 2 of pregnancy, rats were given a single pituitary transplant beneath the renal capsule and were subsequently hysterectomised on day 12. This treatment delayed the next ovulation (as judged by vaginal di-oestrus length) compared to sham-transplanted controls, but did not prevent the fall in serum progesterone concentrations (i.e. luteolysis) resulting from hysterectomy. The administration of 1 or 2 pituitary homo-transplants on day 12 at the time of hysterectomy again prolonged the di-oestrus length but did not prevent subsequent luteolysis. However, daily treatment with 100 μg of oestradiol given to rats which received 2 pituitary transplants on day 2 and which were then hysterectomised on day 12, did result in a maintenance of serum progesterone levels compared to those of oil-treated controls. In a separate study, pregnant rats were hysterectomised and hypophysectomised on day 12. Administration of either 1 or 2 pituitary transplants failed to maintain luteal function. However, concomitant daily treatment with 100 μg of oestradiol from day 12 onward prevented luteolysis and re-instated the day 12–16 rise in serum progesterone common to the intact pregnant rat. Progesterone levels then declined slowly until the end of the sampling period (day 23). Serum prolactin concentrations rose steadily for the first 10 days after insertion of pituitary transplants on day 12 of pregnancy. These data indicate that prolactin and oestradiol can act synergistically to stimulate progesterone secretion from the rat corpus luteum but only in the absence of the in situ pituitary; the effect is not seen unless hypophysectomy has been performed.

EFFECTS OF AN ANTISERUM TO LUTEINIZING HORMONE AND STEROID REPLACEMENT THERAPY ON MAINTENANCE OF PREGNANCY IN THE RAT: SERUM AND LUTEAL LEVELS OF PROGESTERONE, TESTOSTERONE AND OESTRADIOL

1981 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. TERRANOVA ◽  
G. S. GREENWALD
Keyword(s):  
Testosterone Propionate ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Vaginal Smear ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Serum Progesterone ◽  
Rat Serum ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Pregnant Rat ◽  
Daily Dose

Pregnant rats were injected s.c. with antiserum to LH (anti-LH) on days 8 or 10 of pregnancy (day 1 = day of sperm-positive vaginal smear) and subsequently given various steroids s.c. to prevent luteolysis and/or abortion. A single injection of 4 mg progesterone on day 8 prevented abortion and luteolysis as shown on day 12 by the presence of fetal swellings and levels of progesterone in serum (88 ±6 (s.e.m.) ng/ml) and corpora lutea (26±3 ng/mg) comparable to control values. After 0·5 ml anti-LH on day 10, a daily dose of 4 mg progesterone prevented abortion in five out of eight animals but by day 13 luteal progesterone was 3·0 ± 0·7 compared with 24±3 ng/mg in controls. After anti-LH on day 8 or 10, daily injections of 1 or 4 mg testosterone propionate or 10 μg, 100 μg or 1 mg oestradiol failed to prevent abortion or to raise luteal concentrations of progesterone to normal values. However, 4 mg testosterone propionate on day 8 or 100 or 500 μg oestradiol on day 10 maintained serum progesterone levels at approximately half those of control values. Treatment with 4 mg testosterone propionate on days 8–11 led to significant increases in serum and luteal levels of testosterone and oestradiol on day 12; on day 10 exogenous oestradiol (100 or 500 μg) increased serum and luteal levels of oestradiol by day 13. These results, especially treatments begun on day 8, are difficult to reconcile with the current concept that the luteotrophic action of LH in the pregnant rat is exerted by increasing luteal androgens that are aromatized to oestrogens which then act as the direct luteotrophic stimulus.

Transient development and function of rabbit corpora lutea after hypophysectomy

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (6) ◽  
pp. E808-E814
Author(s):  
K. C. Yuh ◽  
C. H. Bill ◽  
P. L. Keyes
Keyword(s):  
Estrogen Receptor ◽  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Pituitary Hormones ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Serum Progesterone ◽  
Lh Receptor ◽  
Luteal Tissue ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
And Function

The requirement of the pituitary gland and the role of 17 beta-estradiol in the early development of the corpus luteum was investigated in rabbits hypophysectomized the day after sterile mating (day 1). Serum progesterone in hypophysectomized rabbits was normal for 2 days after hypophysectomy. Luteal tissue from hypophysectomized and sham-hypophysectomized rabbits had similar wet weight (4.0 +/- 0.4 vs. 5.3 +/- 0.2 mg/corpus luteum) and similar concentrations of available cytoplasmic estrogen receptor (1.2 +/- 0.2 vs. 1.5 +/- 0.3 fmol/micrograms DNA) and luteinizing hormone (LH) receptor (4.0 +/- 0.2 vs. 6.1 +/- 1.4 fmol/micrograms DNA) on day 4 of pseudopregnancy. Serum progesterone in hypophysectomized rabbits began to decline on day 4 and was undetectable by day 6. Estrogen receptor and luteal weight in hypophysectomized animals also declined after day 4 to low values by day 6, and serum estradiol was undetectable. However, if estradiol was administered by Silastic capsule implanted subcutaneously at the time of hypophysectomy or 3 days after hypophysectomy, serum progesterone, luteal weight, estrogen receptor, and LH receptor were maintained on day 6 of pseudopregnancy. These results indicate that after a preovulatory gonadotropin surge, the function of newly formed corpora lutea is normal for 3–4 days in the absence of pituitary hormones. However, by 4 days after ovulation, estradiol is required to sustain the structural and functional integrity of corpora lutea.

scholarly journals Expression and Localization of Serum/Glucocorticoid-Induced Kinase in the Rat Ovary: Relation to Follicular Growth and Differentiation1

Endocrinology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 141 (1) ◽  
pp. 385-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara N. Alliston ◽  
Ignacio J. Gonzalez-Robayna ◽  
Patricia Buse ◽  
Gary L. Firestone ◽  
JoAnne S. Richards
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Subcellular Localization ◽  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Western Blots ◽  
Stromal Compartment ◽  
Luteal Cells ◽  
Preovulatory Follicles

Abstract Expression of serum/glucocorticoid-inducible kinase (Sgk), one member of an inducible serine/threonine kinase family, is induced by FSH/cAMP in rat granulosa cells cultured in defined medium. The FSH-stimulated pattern of sgk expression is biphasic, and transcriptional activation of the sgk gene depends on an intact Sp1/Sp3 binding site within the proximal promoter. To determine whether sgk was expressed in a hormone-dependent and physiologically relevant manner in vivo, the cellular levels of sgk messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein as well as the subcellular localization of this kinase were analyzed in ovaries containing follicles and corpora lutea at specific stages of differentiation. To stimulate follicular development and luteinization, hypophysectomized (H) rats were treated with estradiol (E; HE) and FSH (FSH; HEF) followed by hCG (hCG; HEF/hCG). To analyze Sgk in functional corpora lutea, PRL was administered to HEF/hCG rats, or ovaries of pregnant rats were obtained on day 7, 15, or 22 of gestation. In situ hybridization indicated that sgk mRNA was low/undetectable in granulosa cells of H and HE rats. An acute injection (iv) of FSH to HE rats rapidly increased sgk mRNA at 2 and 8 h. Sgk mRNA was also elevated in granulosa cells of preovulatory follicles of HEF rats and in luteal cells of HEF/hCG and pregnant rats. Northern blots and Western blots confirmed the in situ hybridization data, indicating that the amount and cellular localization Sgk protein were related to that of sgk mRNA. When the subcellular localization of this kinase was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, Sgk protein was nuclear in granulosa cells and some thecal cells of large preovulatory follicles. In contrast, Sgk protein was cytoplasmic in luteal cells as well as some cells within the stromal compartment. Intense immunostaining was also observed in oocytes present in primordial follicles, but not in growing follicles. Collectively, these results show that FSH and LH stimulate marked increases in the cellular content of Sgk, as well as dramatic changes in the subcellular distribution of this kinase. The specific nuclear vs. cytoplasmic compartmentalization of Sgk in granulosa cells and luteal cells, respectively, indicates that Sgk controls distinct functions in proliferative vs. terminally differentiated granulosa cells.

Localization of oxytocin and neurophysin in baboon (Papio anubis) corpus luteum by immunocytochemistry

1986 ◽  
Vol 113 (4) ◽  
pp. 570-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Firyal S. Khan-Dawood
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Fallopian Tubes ◽  
Papio Anubis ◽  
Luteal Cells ◽  
Luteal Tissue ◽  
Immunocytochemical Reaction

Abstract. Immunoreactive oxytocin is detectable in the corpora lutea of women and cynomolgus monkeys by radioimmunoassay. To localize the presence of oxytocin and neurophysin I in ovarian tissues of subhuman primates, three corpora lutea and ovarian stromal tissues and two Fallopian tubes obtained during the menstrual cycle of the baboon and decidua from two pregnant baboons were examined using highly specific antisera against either oxytocin or neurophysin I and preoxidase-antiperoxidase light microscopy immunohistochemistry. Oxytocin-like as well as neurophysin I-like immunoreactivities were found in some cells of all the corpora lutea only, but could not be demonstrated in ovarian stromal tissues, Fallopian tubes and decidua. Specificity of the immunocytochemical reaction was further confirmed by immunoabsorption of the antiserum with excess oxytocin or neurophysin, after which the immunoreactivities for both oxytocin and neurophysin in the luteal tissue were negative. Similar controls using normal rabbit serum gave no positive staining for either oxytocin or neurophysin. Counterstaining of the positive immunoreactivities for oxytocin and neurophysin I with Mayer's haematoxylin and eosin demonstrated clearly that the oxytocin and neurophysin I appeared as granular material mainly within the cytoplasm of the luteal cells. The localization of immunoreactive oxytocin and neurophysin I in the corpus luteum of the baboon demonstrates directly the presence of these two neurohypophysial peptides within primate luteal cells and suggests their local production.

The effect of stage of breeding season or pre-mating oestrogen and progestagen therapy on fertility in ewe lambs

1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. F. G. Beck ◽  
M. C. G. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Oestrogen Therapy ◽  
Crown Rump Length ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Oestradiol Benzoate

AbstractAn investigation was conducted to determine the effect of mating at puberty or third oestrus or after pre-mating oestrogen and progestagen therapy, designed to mimic the changes that occur in plasma oestrogen and progesterone concentrations during the 1st, 2nd or 3rd oestrous cycles, on fertility in ewe lambs. Twenty-five ewe lambs were mated at puberty on mean date of 18 October and 21 were mated at third oestrus on 3 December. Of these, 28% and 81% of animals mated at puberty and third oestrus lambed, respectively (P < 0·05). A similar number of ewe lambs were mated within 24 h of ram introduction in the groups given one, two or three consecutive applications oestrogen and progestagen (25 μg oestradiol benzoate followed 48 h later by a progestagen pessary left in situ for days). Of the 43 corpora lutea, 21 were represented by viable embryos in the 37 animals holding to service after one application compared with 34 out of 46 corpora lutea in 40 animals given three applications (P < 0·05). Furthermore, embryo crown-rump length, embryo weight and amniotic sac width was greater (P < 0·05), on day of pregnancy, in animals given one compared with three applications of oestrogen and progestagen. These results demonstrate that fertility is improved in ewe lambs mated on third oestrus or after progestagen and oestrogen therapy designed to simulate three oestrous cycles.

scholarly journals Effects of increased ambient temperature and supplemental altrenogest prior to pregnancy establishment in gilts

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew R Romoser ◽  
Katie L Bidne ◽  
Lance H Baumgard ◽  
Aileen F Keating ◽  
Jason W Ross
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Ovarian Tissue ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Delayed Puberty ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Estrous Synchronization ◽  
Conceptus Development ◽  
Luteal Tissue ◽  
Uterine Flushing

Abstract Heat stress (HS) mitigation strategies are critically needed to combat the substantial economic effects on animal agriculture. The manifestations of seasonal infertility include delayed puberty onset, reduced conception rates, decreased litter size, and increased wean to estrus interval. To assess the effects of HS during early gestation and evaluate a benefit of supplemental altrenogest (ALT) as a mitigation strategy, thirty crossbred post-pubertal gilts (157 ± 11 kg) were subjected to estrous synchronization via 14 d oral administration of ALT. Artificial insemination during estrus was performed and gilts were then placed into one of four treatment groups; heat stress (HS; 35 ± 1 οC for 12h/31.60 ± 1 οC for 12h) with (HSALT, n = 7) or without (HSCON, n = 7) 15 mg/d ALT supplementation or thermal neutral (TN; 20 ± 1 οC) conditions with (TNALT, n = 8) or without (TNCON, n = 8) 15 mg/d ALT supplementation until 12 d post-estrus (dpe). Administrating ALT occurred at 0600 h from 3-12 dpe and rectal temperatures (TR) and respiration rates (RR) were recorded. Blood was collected via jugular venipuncture on 0, 4, 8 and 12 dpe. Gilts were euthanized humanely at 12 dpe followed by collection of ovarian tissue, and uterine flushing for conceptus collection. In HS compared to TN gilts, RR and TR were increased (P &lt; 0.01) but unaffected by ALT supplementation. Feed intake (FI) was reduced (P &lt; 0.01) by HS but unaltered by ALT treatment. Corpora lutea (CL) weight was reduced (P &lt; 0.01) in HSCON gilts when compared to TNCON and HSALT gilts despite progesterone (P4) concentrations in serum and luteal tissue not being affected by treatment (P ≥ 0.10). CL diameter was reduced (P ≤ 0.05) in HSALT gilts compared to other treatments. Interleukin-1β (IL1B) uterine flush concentration was not affected (P &gt; 0.20) by environment or ALT supplementation, although moderate (P = 0.06) interaction between environment and ALT existed, as IL1B concentration in TNALT was increased (P = 0.03) compared to TNCON gilts. While environment did not affect conceptus development (P = 0.90), ALT supplementation advanced conceptus elongation (P &lt; 0.01). Collectively, these data demonstrate that HS may affect luteal development prior to pregnancy establishment, and ALT increases conceptus elongation by12 dpe.

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