Previously we have shown that both Rac1 and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK1/2) are key proapoptotic molecules in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α/cycloheximide (CHX)-induced apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells, whereas the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in apoptosis is unclear. The present studies tested the hypothesis that Rac1-mediated ROS production is involved in TNF-α-induced apoptosis. In this study, we showed that TNF-α/CHX-induced ROS production and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress increased apoptosis. Inhibition of Rac1 by a specific inhibitor NSC23766 prevented TNF-α-induced ROS production. The antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), or rotenone (Rot), the mitochondrial electron transport chain inhibitor, attenuated mitochondrial ROS production and apoptosis. Rot also prevented JNK1/2 activation during apoptosis. Inhibition of Rac1 by expression of dominant negative Rac1 decreased TNF-α-induced mitochondrial ROS production. Moreover, TNF-α-induced cytosolic ROS production was inhibited by Rac1 inhibition, diphenyleneiodonium (DPI, an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase), and NAC. In addition, DPI inhibited TNF-α-induced apoptosis as judged by morphological changes, DNA fragmentation, and JNK1/2 activation. Mitochondrial membrane potential change is Rac1 or cytosolic ROS dependent. Lastly, all ROS inhibitors inhibited caspase-3 activity. Thus these results indicate that TNF-α-induced apoptosis requires Rac1-dependent ROS production in intestinal epithelial cells.
Rac1‐dependent ROS production mediates TNF‐alpha‐induced apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells
