Factors affecting flow through blood administration sets

During operations, damage can occur with a resulting ingress or egress of fluid. The incoming water affects the reserve buoyancy and it can also change stability and hull girder loading. During a flooding event it is vital that the flow through the damaged orifice and the movement of floodwater around the structure can be predicted quickly to avoid further damage and ensure environmental safety. The empirical measure coefficient of discharge is used as a simplified method to quantify the flooding rate. In many internal flow applications the coefficient of discharge is estimated to be 0.6 but recent research shows that it can vary considerably when applied to transient flooding flows. This paper uses an experimental setup to investigate how changes to the orifice edges and position within the structure affect the flow. It is then used to investigate the coefficient in a more realistic scenario, a static compartment in waves.

Download Full-text

Analysis of factors affecting gas exchange in intravascular blood gas exchanger

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1994.77.4.1716 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 77 (4) ◽

pp. 1716-1730 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

S. C. Niranjan ◽

J. W. Clark ◽

K. Y. San ◽

J. B. Zwischenberger ◽

A. Bidani

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Hollow Fiber ◽

Gas Flow ◽

Coaxial Cylinder ◽

Co2 Removal ◽

Transfer Resistance ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Unit Structure ◽

Alternating Direction ◽

Flow Through

A mathematical model of an intravascular hollow-fiber gas-exchange device, called IVOX, has been developed using a Krogh cylinder-like approach with a repeating unit structure comprised of a single fiber with gas flowing through its lumen surrounded by a coaxial cylinder of blood flowing in the opposite direction. Species mass balances on O2 and CO2 result in a nonlinear coupled set of convective-diffusion parabolic partial differential equations that are solved numerically using an alternating-direction implicit finite-difference method. Computed results indicated the presence of a large resistance to gas transport on the external (blood) side of the hollow-fiber exchanger. Increasing gas flow through the device favored CO2 removal from but not O2 addition to blood. Increasing blood flow over the device favored both CO2 removal as well as O2 addition. The rate of CO2 removal increased linearly with the transmural PCO2 gradient imposed across the device. The effect of fiber crimping on blood phase mass transfer resistance was evaluated indirectly by varying species blood diffusivity. Computed results indicated that CO2 excretion by IVOX can be significantly enhanced with improved bulk mixing of vena caval blood around the IVOX fibers.

Download Full-text

Air Distributor Designs for Fluidized Bed Combustors: A Review

Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research ◽

10.48084/etasr.688 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 1029-1034 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A. Shukrie ◽

S. Anuar ◽

A. N. Oumer

Keyword(s):

Pressure Drop ◽

Fluidized Bed ◽

Air Flow ◽

Fluidized Bed Combustion ◽

Key Factors ◽

Successful Operation ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Plate Design ◽

Flow Through ◽

Critical Overview

Fluidized bed combustion (FBC) has been recognized as one of the suitable technologies for converting a wide variety of biomass fuels into energy. One of the key factors affecting the successful operation of fluidized bed combustion is its distributor plate design. Therefore, the main purpose of this article is to provide a critical overview of the published studies that are relevant to the characteristics of different fluidized bed air distributor designs. The review of available works display that the type of distributor design significantly affects the operation of the fluidized bed i.e., performance characteristics, fluidization quality, air flow dynamics, solid pattern and mixing caused by the direction of air flow through the distributors. Overall it is observed that high pressure drop across the distributor is one of the major draw backs of the current distributor designs. However, fluidization was stable in a fluidized bed operated at a low perforation ratio distributor due to the pressure drop across the distributor, adequate to provide uniform gas distribution. The swirling motion produced by the inclined injection of gas promotes lateral dispersion and significantly improves fluidization quality. Lastly, the research gaps are highlighted for future improvement consideration on the development of efficient distributor designs.

Download Full-text

Factors Affecting Flow Through a Stenosed Vessel

Archives of Surgery ◽

10.1001/archsurg.1964.01310190085010 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 88 (1) ◽

pp. 83 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

RICHARD V. FIDDIAN

Keyword(s):

Factors Affecting ◽

Stenosed Vessel ◽

Flow Through

Download Full-text

Continuous-flow serum albumin determination by reaction with picrate ions, with use of a flow-through picrate ion electrode.

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1093/clinchem/27.3.427 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

pp. 427-430 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

E P Diamandis ◽

D S Papastathopoulos ◽

T P Hadjiioannou

Keyword(s):

Serum Albumin ◽

Continuous Flow ◽

Peak Height ◽

Ion Concentration ◽

Screening Tests ◽

Albumin Concentration ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Analytical Recovery ◽

Flow Through

Abstract An automated potentiometric method for serum albumin determination by use of the picrate/albumin reaction is described. A continuous-flow system and a specially designed flow-through picrate ion electrode were used in making the measurements. Various factors affecting the reaction, such as pH, picrate ion concentration, and reaction time, were studied. Peak height in millivolts and albumin concentration were linearly related in the range 10-70 g/L. Both within-run and day-to-day, the CV for the method was about 2%. Analytical recovery of albumin added to serum samples ranged from 97.0 to 110.3%, averaging 102.2%. Results compare favorably with those by the established bromcresol green method. The proposed method is suitable for routine use and for screening tests.

Download Full-text

Teach Second Law of Thermodynamics via Analysis of Flow through Packed Beds and Consolidated Porous Media

Fluids ◽

10.3390/fluids4030116 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 116 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Rajinder Pal

Keyword(s):

Porous Media ◽

Entropy Generation ◽

Power Plants ◽

Mechanical Energy ◽

Fluid Velocity ◽

Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽

Second Law ◽

Packed Beds ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Flow Through

The second law of thermodynamics is indispensable in engineering applications. It allows us to determine if a given process is feasible or not, and if the given process is feasible, how efficient or inefficient is the process. Thus, the second law plays a key role in the design and operation of engineering processes, such as steam power plants and refrigeration processes. Nevertheless students often find the second law and its applications most difficult to comprehend. The second law revolves around the concepts of entropy and entropy generation. The feasibility of a process and its efficiency are directly related to entropy generation in the process. As entropy generation occurs in all flow processes due to friction in fluids, fluid mechanics can be used as a tool to teach the second law of thermodynamics and related concepts to students. In this article, flow through packed beds and consolidated porous media is analyzed in terms of entropy generation. The link between entropy generation and mechanical energy dissipation is established in such flows in terms of the directly measurable quantities such as pressure drop. Equations are developed to predict the entropy generation rates in terms of superficial fluid velocity, porous medium characteristics, and fluid properties. The predictions of the proposed equations are presented and discussed. Factors affecting the rate of entropy generation in flow through packed beds and consolidated porous media are identified and explained.

Download Full-text

Review of factors affecting the release of water from cellulosic fibers during paper manufacture

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.2.3.500-533 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 500-533 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Keyword(s):

Production Rate ◽

Manufacturing Process ◽

Critical Role ◽

Fiber Material ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Cellulosic Materials ◽

Cellulosic Fibers ◽

Colloidal Forces ◽

Flow Through

The ease with which water is released from cellulosic fiber material during the manufacturing of paper can affect both the production rate and the consumption of energy during the manufacturing process. Important theoretical contributions to dewatering phenomena have been based on flow through packed beds of uniformly distributed fibers. Such descriptions are able to explain why resistance to dewatering increases as a function of the hydrodynamic surface area of fibers. More recent studies have demonstrated a critical role of finely divided matter. If the fines are unattached to fibers, then they tend to move freely through the fiber mat and plug channels in the paper web during the dewatering process. Dewatering also is affected by the deformability of cellulosic fibers and by whether the fibers easily slide past each other, thereby forming a dense mat. By emphasizing the role of fine matter, colloidal forces, and conformability of cellulosic materials, one can gain a more realistic understanding of strategies that papermakers use to enhance initial drainage and vacuum-induced dewatering.

Download Full-text