Combat Stress Reactions, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Social Adjustment

1987 ◽  
Vol 175 (5) ◽  
pp. 277-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZAHAVA SOLOMON ◽  
MARIO MIKULINCER
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Social Adjustment ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Combat Stress ◽  
Stress Reactions

Risk Factors for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Australian Vietnam Veterans

1998 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian I. O'toole ◽  
Richard P. Marshall ◽  
Ralph J. Schureck ◽  
Matthew Dobson
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Vietnam Veterans ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Combat Stress ◽  
Psychiatric Diagnoses ◽  
Major Life ◽  
Relative Contribution

Objective: The aims of this paper are to determine the risk factors for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and to examine the relative contribution of pre-military factors, pre-trauma psychiatric diagnoses, military factors such as combat posting, and combat and casualty stress exposure. Method: An epidemiological cohort study using standardised psychiatric, social and health interviews was undertaken with a national random sample of male Australian Army Vietnam veterans. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the relative contribution of factors derived from interview and from military records in four categories: pre-enlistment circumstances including home life, education, major life stress; pre-Vietnam psychiatric diagnoses; military experiences before and during Vietnam; and combat and stress experiences. Results: Of the 128 data items examined, significant associations were found for 39, in addition to combat stress. Pre-enlistment items accounted for about 3% of the deviance towards PTSD diagnosis, pre-enlistment psychiatric diagnosis about 13%, military variables about 7% and combat stress about 18%; all factors together accounted for 42%. Conclusions: The results confirm that pre-military and military variables make only a small but significant contribution to PTSD either alone or after controlling for combat stress; that psychiatric diagnoses of depression, dysthymia and agoraphobia make strong contributions to PTSD; but that combat stress makes the largest contribution even after controlling for the effects of other variables. Psychiatric diagnoses and combat stress appear to be independent in their effects on PTSD.

scholarly journals Advances of selenium supplementation in posttraumatic stress disorder risk group patients

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.V. Voicehovskis ◽  
J.G. Voicehovska ◽  
A. Skesters ◽  
G. Ancane ◽  
A. Silova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Selenium Supplementation ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Stress Reactions ◽  
Processing Mechanisms

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex of symptoms developed in a patient after traumatic event. The basis of PTSD pathophysiology is hyper activation of neurones under stress factors influence, so-called excitotoxicity, followed by oxidative stress (OS) because of an accumulation of free radicals. Lipid peroxidation can lead to neurons damage. Neurons are especially susceptible to OS, changing signal transduction and information processing mechanisms. Clinically excitotoxicity preforms as different acute and/or chronic stress reactions and can cause PTSD. Selenium (Se) is involved on different stages of transport and metabolism of Glutamate. Research aim: to access PTSD incidence, OS parameters and their adjustment advances using organic Se in PTSD risk group patients. PTSD symptomatic severity (in PCL-M points) reduced for 5.85% to baseline, Prevalence Rate reduced for 46.03% to baseline in Se group patients. We can conclude that: 1) there is a statistically reliable correlations between the incidence of PTSD and OS parameters, between PTSD symptomatic severity and OS parameters; 2) the use of Se during the mission can reduce the OS parameters, minimize the incidence of PTSD and reduce the PTSD symptomatic severity.

Neuropsychology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

2019 ◽  
pp. 273-290
Author(s):  
Jennifer J. Vasterling ◽  
Gabriel S. Walt
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Psychological Trauma ◽  
Stress Reactions ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Neuropsychological Tasks ◽  
Relationship Of

Exposure to psychological trauma is sometimes followed by significant emotional and behavioral changes that constitute post-traumatic stress reactions, including Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Neurocognitive decrements constitute one of the core features of PTSD, and a growing literature has identified specific patterns of neurocognitive compromise and related neurobiological features. This chapter provides an overview of neurocognitive features of PTSD, including performance on both standardized, emotionally neutral neuropsychological tasks and information processing abnormalities in the context of emotionally relevant stimuli. Direction of causality is also discussed, namely whether neurocognitive integrity is a moderator of psychological outcomes following trauma exposure and/or whether neurocognition is adversely affected by PTSD development. The chapter also includes a review of associated biological features potentially underlying expressed neurocognitive features, including neuroimaging findings, neurotransmitter and neuroendocrine characteristics, and genetic and epigenetic factors. In addition, it provides a brief overview of some of the major theoretical frameworks relevant to cognitive processes as a mechanism for PTSD development and maintenance. Finally, the chapter addresses the relationship of neurocognitive functioning to treatment, both as a predictor of treatment response and as an outcome of treatment.

scholarly journals The Link between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Functionality among United States Military Service Members Psychiatrically Hospitalized Following a Suicide Crisis

Healthcare ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sissi Ribeiro ◽  
Jessica LaCroix ◽  
Fernanda De Oliveira ◽  
Laura Novak ◽  
Su Lee-Tauler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Social Adjustment ◽  
Functional Impairment ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Service Members ◽  
Psychiatric Diagnoses ◽  
Psychiatric Comorbidities

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the most commonly diagnosed psychiatric disorders in the United States and has been linked to suicidal thoughts and behaviors, yet the role of a PTSD diagnosis on functional impairment among suicidal individuals remains unknown. This study examined the association between PTSD status and functional impairment among military psychiatric inpatients admitted for acute suicide risk (N = 166) with a lifetime history of at least one suicide attempt. Measures of functionality included: (1) alcohol use; (2) sleep quality; (3) social problem-solving; and (4) work and social adjustment. Thirty-eight percent of the sample met criteria for PTSD. Women were more likely than men to meet criteria for PTSD (p = 0.007), and participants who met PTSD criteria had significantly more psychiatric diagnoses (p < 0.001). Service members who met PTSD criteria reported more disturbed sleep (p = 0.003) and greater difficulties with work and social adjustment (p = 0.004) than those who did not meet PTSD criteria. However, functionality measures were not significantly associated with PTSD status after controlling for gender and psychiatric comorbidity. Gender and number of psychiatric comorbidities other than PTSD were significant predictors of PTSD in logistic regression models across four functionality measures. Future studies should assess the additive or mediating effect of psychiatric comorbidities in the association between impaired functioning and PTSD. Clinicians are encouraged to assess and address functionality during treatment with suicidal individuals, paying particular attention to individuals with multiple psychiatric diagnoses.

Building Better Soldiers Through Science

Head Strong ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 236-259
Author(s):  
Michael D. Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Combat Stress ◽  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
Augmented Cognition ◽  
Stress Engineering

This chapter looks at how psychology and related sciences may contribute to training and developing more effective soldiers. Topics include approaches to engineering a more resilient soldier, one that is less vulnerable to posttraumatic stress disorder and other forms of combat stress. Engineering 24/7 soldiers, that is, soldiers who can perform for extended periods of time without sleep, is examined. Psychological approaches to increasing the ability of soldiers to kill are considered. The chapter concludes with a discussion of approaches to increase the physical capabilities of soldiers that also have psychological consequences, including advanced prosthetics, robotics and human-robot interface, and augmented cognition.

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