An Orbitocranial Knife Injury without Functional Deficit in a Child

Hand infections are a common concern in the emergency, outpatient, and inpatient setting. It is important to accurately diagnose and treat these infections to minimize the risk of spread or functional deficit that could be permanent if not addressed in a timely manner. In this chapter, we aim to cover the epidemiology and etiology of hand infections along with how they tend to present in the clinical setting. This chapter is written so that each encounter can be analyzed in a logical, step-wise fashion from formulating a differential diagnosis to treatment. Upon evaluation, it is important to perform a thorough clinical examination in addition to knowing which imaging modalities can help elucidate the pathology when the initial presentation is unclear. These and other diagnostic studies are covered so that the differential diagnosis can be narrowed down. Each of the possible scenarios is clarified further to help confirm the most likely diagnosis. Finally, we touch on each treatment (whether surgical or medical) recommended for the suspected disease process. Overall, it is important to discern whether the patient will need a small procedure, surgery, or medication alone so that the appropriate management is performed and optimal healing is possible. This review contains 25 Figures, 10 Tables and 26 references Key Words: acute infection, chronic infection, paronychia, felon, flexor tenosynovitis, septic joint, hand infection, hand surgery

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Beyond the Irritative Zone

Fifty Years of Magnetoencephalography ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190935689.003.0010 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 155-168

Author(s):

Eduardo M. Castillo ◽

Tara Kleineschay ◽

Milena Korostenskaja ◽

James Baumgartner ◽

Ki Hyeong Lee

Keyword(s):

Classical Model ◽

Functional Deficit

In this chapter, the authors reflect on the uses of MEG to better characterize different cortical zones within the epileptic network. First, they review the role of MEG in the presurgical workout under the classical model of epileptic zones. Under this model, MEG had been incorporated as a noninvasive tool to define the irritative zones based on recordings of interictal events. Then, they review evidence that support, in certain situations, the use of MEG to make valid predictions about other zones: the functional deficit zone and the ictal onset zone. Finally, a workflow that integrates MEG findings with findings from other noninvasive procedures is proposed.

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Comparison of hormonal responses to hypotension in mature and immature fetal lambs

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.1988.255.1.r67 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 255 (1) ◽

pp. R67-R72 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

N. M. Rawashdeh ◽

N. D. Ray ◽

D. K. Sundberg ◽

J. C. Rose

Keyword(s):

Arterial Pressure ◽

Renin Angiotensin System ◽

Blood Gases ◽

Plasma Renin ◽

Arterial Blood Gases ◽

Hormonal Responses ◽

Angiotensin System ◽

Induced Hypotension ◽

Functional Deficit ◽

Arterial Blood

We studied norepinephrine (NE) and plasma renin activity (PRA) responses to sodium nitroprusside (NP)-induced hypotension in seven chronically catheterized fetal lambs 0.79-0.94 gestation (mature) and in seven fetuses 0.64-0.72 gestation (immature) 4 or 5 days after surgery. We infused intravenously 5% dextrose in water (DW) or NP in DW to reduce arterial pressure 30% in fetuses for 10 min. Initial infusion choice was random, and the two infusions were separated by 24-48 h. In both groups, basal NE levels were similar and doubled in response to hypotension. In mature fetuses, PRA basal levels were 6.89 +/- 1.80 ng.ml-1.h-1 and increased two- to threefold with hypotension. In immature fetuses, PRA basal levels were 2.42 +/- 0.86 ng.ml-1.h-1 and did not change with hypotension. No changes were observed with DW infusion in either group. Arterial blood gases were normal and remained unchanged. We conclude that in the lamb fetus, NE responses to hypotension are present before and are independent of the development of PRA responses and that before 0.72 gestation there is a functional deficit in the renin-angiotensin system.

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A novel nerve transection and repair method in mice: histomorphometric analysis of nerves, blood vessels, and muscles with functional recovery

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-78481-1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jung Il Lee ◽

Anagha A. Gurjar ◽

M. A. Hassan Talukder ◽

Andrew Rodenhouse ◽

Kristen Manto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Muscle Atrophy ◽

Functional Recovery ◽

Functional Outcomes ◽

Nerve Transection ◽

Histomorphometric Analysis ◽

Sciatic Nerve Transection ◽

Functional Deficit ◽

Reliable Model ◽

Different Types ◽

Branching Index

AbstractPeripheral nerve transection is associated with permanent functional deficit even after advanced microsurgical repair. While it is difficult to investigate the reasons of poor functional outcomes of microsurgical repairs in humans, we developed a novel pre-clinical nerve transection method that allows reliable evaluation of nerve regeneration, neural angiogenesis, muscle atrophy, and functional recovery. Adult male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to four different types of sciatic nerve transection: Simple Transection (ST), Simple Transection & Glue (TG), Stepwise Transection and Sutures (SU), and Stepwise Transection and Glue (STG). Mice were followed for 28 days for sciatic function index (SFI), and sciatic nerves and hind limb muscles were harvested for histomorphological and cellular analyses. Immunohistochemistry revealed more directional nerve fiber growth in SU and STG groups compared with ST and TG groups. Compared to ST and TG groups, optimal neural vessel density and branching index in SU and STG groups were associated with significantly decreased muscle atrophy, increased myofiber diameter, and improved SFI. In conclusion, our novel STG method represents an easily reproducible and reliable model with close resemblance to the pathophysiological characteristics of SU model, and this can be easily reproduced by any lab.

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