Recycled femtosecond patient interface device and nasal aspirator for eye fixation in wetlab training

Searching familiar faces in the crowd may involve stimulus-driven attention by emotional significance, together with goal-directed attention due to task-relevant needs. The present study investigated the effect of familiarity on attentional processes by exploring eye fixation-related potentials (EFRPs) and eye gazes when humans searched for, among other distracting faces, either an acquaintance’s face or a newly-learned face. Task performance and gaze behavior were indistinguishable for identifying either faces. However, from the EFRP analysis, after a P300 component for successful search of target faces, we found greater deflections of right parietal late positive potentials in response to newly-learned faces than acquaintance’s faces, indicating more involvement of goal-directed attention in processing newly-learned faces. In addition, we found greater occipital negativity elicited by acquaintance’s faces, reflecting emotional responses to significant stimuli. These results may suggest that finding a familiar face in the crowd would involve lower goal-directed attention and elicit more emotional responses.

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The Effects of Language Barriers and Time Constraints on Online Learning Performance: An Eye-Tracking Study

Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society ◽

10.1177/00187208211010949 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 001872082110109

Author(s):

Auður Anna Jónsdóttir ◽

Ziho Kang ◽

Tianchen Sun ◽

Saptarshi Mandal ◽

Ji-Eun Kim

Keyword(s):

Online Learning ◽

Eye Movement ◽

Completion Time ◽

Language Use ◽

Time Pressure ◽

Time Constraints ◽

Task Completion ◽

Esl Students ◽

Task Completion Time ◽

Eye Fixation

Objective The goal of this study is to model the effect of language use and time pressure on English as a first language (EFL) and English as a second language (ESL) students by measuring their eye movements in an on-screen, self-directed learning environment. Background Online learning is becoming integrated into learners’ daily lives due to the flexibility in scheduling and location that it offers. However, in many cases, the online learners often have no interaction with one another or their instructors, making it difficult to determine how the learners are reading the materials and whether they are learning effectively. Furthermore, online learning may pose challenges to those who face language barriers or are under time pressure. Method The effects of two factors, language use (EFL vs. ESL) and time constraints (high vs. low time pressure), were investigated during the presentation of online materials. The effects were analyzed based on eye movement measures (eye fixation rate—the total number of eye fixations divided by the task duration and gaze entropy) and behavioral measures (correct rate and task completion time). Results The results show that the ESL students had higher eye fixation rates and longer task completion times than the EFL students. Moreover, high time pressure resulted in high fixation rates, short task completion time, low correct rates, and high gaze entropy. Conclusion and Application The results suggest the possibility of using unobtrusive eye movement measures to develop ways to better assist those who struggle with learning in the online environment.

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Examination of Driver Visual and Cognitive Responses to Billboard Elicited Passive Distraction Using Eye-Fixation Related Potential

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21041471 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 1471

Author(s):

Yongxiang Wang ◽

William Clifford ◽

Charles Markham ◽

Catherine Deegan

Keyword(s):

Visual Information ◽

Driving Simulator ◽

Tracking System ◽

Eye Gaze ◽

Driver Distraction ◽

Experimental Results ◽

Human Information Processing ◽

Cognitive Responses ◽

Information Processing Model ◽

Eye Fixation

Distractions external to a vehicle contribute to visual attention diversion that may cause traffic accidents. As a low-cost and efficient advertising solution, billboards are widely installed on side of the road, especially the motorway. However, the effect of billboards on driver distraction, eye gaze, and cognition has not been fully investigated. This study utilises a customised driving simulator and synchronised electroencephalography (EEG) and eye tracking system to investigate the cognitive processes relating to the processing of driver visual information. A distinction is made between eye gaze fixations relating to stimuli that assist driving and others that may be a source of distraction. The study compares the driver’s cognitive responses to fixations on billboards with fixations on the vehicle dashboard. The measured eye-fixation related potential (EFRP) shows that the P1 components are similar; however, the subsequent N1 and P2 components differ. In addition, an EEG motor response is observed when the driver makes an adjustment of driving speed when prompted by speed limit signs. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed measurement system is a valid tool in assessing driver cognition and suggests the cognitive level of engagement to the billboard is likely to be a precursor to driver distraction. The experimental results are compared with the human information processing model found in the literature.

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Addressing the eye fixation problem in gaze tracking for human computer interface using the vestibulo-ocular reflex

Informatics in Medicine Unlocked ◽

10.1016/j.imu.2020.100488 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 ◽

pp. 100488

Author(s):

Adam Pantanowitz ◽

Kimoon Kim ◽

Chelsey Chewins ◽

Isabel N.K. Tollman ◽

David M. Rubin

Keyword(s):

Computer Interface ◽

Human Computer Interface ◽

Gaze Tracking ◽

Eye Fixation ◽

Ocular Reflex ◽

Vestibulo Ocular Reflex

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Time-course change in attentional resource allocation during a spot-the-difference task: investigation using an eye fixation-related brain potential

Current Psychology ◽

10.1007/s12144-021-01623-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kohei Fuseda ◽

Satoru Suzuki ◽

Mikio Iwakawa ◽

Jun’ichi Katayama

Keyword(s):

Resource Allocation ◽

Time Course ◽

Attentional Resource ◽

Brain Potential ◽

Eye Fixation ◽

The Difference

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The Effect of an Adaptive Simulated Inner Voice on User’s Eye-gaze Behaviour, Ownership Perception and Plausibility Judgement in Virtual Reality

Interacting with Computers ◽

10.1093/iwcomp/iwab008 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ding Ding ◽

Mark A Neerincx ◽

Willem-Paul Brinkman

Keyword(s):

Eye Gaze ◽

Gaze Shift ◽

Eye Fixation ◽

Weak Support ◽

Head Mounted Display ◽

Inner Voice ◽

Gaze Behaviour ◽

Within Subjects ◽

Potential Strategy ◽

Tracking Technology

Abstract Virtual cognitions (VCs) are a stream of simulated thoughts people hear while emerged in a virtual environment, e.g. by hearing a simulated inner voice presented as a voice over. They can enhance people’s self-efficacy and knowledge about, for example, social interactions as previous studies have shown. Ownership and plausibility of these VCs are regarded as important for their effect, and enhancing both might, therefore, be beneficial. A potential strategy for achieving this is the synchronization of the VCs with people’s eye fixation using eye-tracking technology embedded in a head-mounted display. Hence, this paper tests this idea in the context of a pre-therapy for spider and snake phobia to examine the ability to guide people’s eye fixation. An experiment with 24 participants was conducted using a within-subjects design. Each participant was exposed to two conditions: one where the VCs were adapted to eye gaze of the participant and the other where they were not adapted, i.e. the control condition. The findings of a Bayesian analysis suggest that credibly more ownership was reported and more eye-gaze shift behaviour was observed in the eye-gaze-adapted condition than in the control condition. Compared to the alternative of no or negative mediation, the findings also give some more credibility to the hypothesis that ownership, at least partly, positively mediates the effect eye-gaze-adapted VCs have on eye-gaze shift behaviour. Only weak support was found for plausibility as a mediator. These findings help improve insight into how VCs affect people.

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