Association of dietary patterns and components with atherosclerosis risk biomarkers in familial hypercholesterolemia

Diet is a key factor for obesity development; however, limited data are available on dietary cluster analysis in children with obesity. We aimed to assess the associations between dietary patterns and obesity and several cardiometabolic markers. Anthropometry, bioelectrical impedance, blood pressure and plasma biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation and endothelial damage were determined in 674 Caucasian children, aged 5–16, with normal or excess weight. Using a food frequency questionnaire and cluster analysis, two consistent dietary patterns were shown, labeled as health conscious (HC) and sweet and processed (SP). The HC pattern included a greater proportion of participants with overweight/obesity than the SP cluster (80.1% vs. 63.8%). However, children with obesity within the HC cluster, showed less abdominal fat, through waist to hip (0.93 vs. 0.94) and waist to height (0.61 vs. 0.63) indexes (p < 0.01). Univariate general models showed several additional differences in cardiometabolic risk biomarkers in the global and stratified analyses, with a healthier profile being observed mainly in the HC cluster. However, multivariate models questioned these findings and pointed out the need for further studies in this field. Anyhow, our findings support the benefits of a healthy diet and highlight the importance of dietary patterns in the cardiometabolic risk assessment of children with overweight/obesity, beyond weight control.

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Food Metabolome in Clinical Nutrition Research: from Dietary Patterns to Discovering Disease Risk Biomarkers. Evidence from PREDIMED Study

The FASEB Journal ◽

10.1096/fasebj.29.1_supplement.249.1 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 29 (S1) ◽

Author(s):

C Andres‐Lacueva ◽

R Llorach ◽

M Urpi‐Sardà ◽

S Tulipani ◽

R Vazquez‐Fresno ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dietary Patterns ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Clinical Nutrition ◽

Nutrition Research ◽

Risk Biomarkers ◽

Predimed Study

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Phosphate and Oxysterols May Mediate an Inverse Relationship Between Atherosclerosis and Cancer

EMJ Oncology ◽

10.33590/emjoncol/20-00067 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 114-121

Author(s):

Ronald B. Brown

Keyword(s):

Cancer Risk ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Inverse Relationship ◽

Oxidation Products ◽

Cholesterol Oxidation ◽

Atherosclerosis Risk ◽

Research Findings ◽

Dietary Phosphate ◽

Reduce Risk ◽

Risk Of Cancer

The peer-reviewed literature has reported an inverse relationship between atherosclerosis and cancer for almost 100 years, but no causative mechanism has been established to explain this puzzling relationship. More recent research has reported an association between tumourigenesis and phosphate toxicity from dysregulated phosphate metabolism, and an association has also been reported between atherosclerosis and cholesterol oxidation products or oxysterols. The present review article synthesises these research findings and proposes that an inverse relationship between the associated risk of cancer and atherosclerosis may be mediated by tumourigenic and atherogenic dietary patterns containing inverse proportions of dietary phosphate and oxysterols. Low-fat animal-based foods generally have reduced cholesterol and oxysterol levels and relatively higher protein and phosphate levels, and dietary patterns containing these foods are associated with reduced atherosclerosis risk and increased cancer risk. By comparison, full-fat animal-based foods are higher in cholesterol and oxysterols and relatively lower in protein and phosphate, and dietary patterns containing these foods are associated with increased atherosclerosis risk and reduced cancer risk. Fruits, vegetables, and plant-based fats generally have lower phosphate levels and no cholesterol, and dietary patterns associated with increased amounts of these foods, such as the Mediterranean diet, reduce risk for both cancer and cardiovascular disease.

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Dietary patterns and risk of incident chronic kidney disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1093/ajcn/nqz146 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 110 (3) ◽

pp. 713-721 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Emily A Hu ◽

Lyn M Steffen ◽

Morgan E Grams ◽

Deidra C Crews ◽

Josef Coresh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Kidney Disease ◽

Healthy Eating ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Lower Risk ◽

Filtration Rate ◽

Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽

Healthy Eating Index ◽

Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities ◽

Atherosclerosis Risk ◽

Dietary Score

ABSTRACTBackgroundAdherence to healthy dietary patterns, measured by the Healthy Eating Index (HEI), Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI), and alternate Mediterranean diet (aMed) scores, is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. The association between these scores and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is undetermined.ObjectiveWe aimed to estimate the association between the HEI, AHEI, and aMed scores and risk of incident CKD.MethodsWe conducted a prospective analysis in 12,155 participants aged 45–64 y from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. We calculated HEI-2015, AHEI-2010, and aMed scores for each participant and categorized them into quintiles of each dietary score. Incident CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 accompanied by ≥25% decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate, a kidney disease–related hospitalization or death, or end-stage renal disease. We used cause-specific hazard models to estimate risk of CKD from the quintile of the dietary score through to 31 December 2017.ResultsThere were 3980 cases of incident CKD over a median follow-up of 24 y. Participants who had higher adherence to the HEI-2015, AHEI-2010, and aMed scores were more likely to be female, have higher educational attainment, higher income level, be nonsmokers, more physically active, and diabetic compared with participants who scored lower. All 3 dietary scores were associated with lower CKD risk (P-trend < 0.001). Participants who were in the highest quintile of HEI-2015 score had a 17% lower risk of CKD (HR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.74, 0.92) compared with participants in the lowest quintile. Those in quintile 5 of AHEI-2010 and aMed scores, respectively, had a 20% and 13% lower risk of CKD compared with those in quintile 1.ConclusionHigher adherence to healthy dietary patterns during middle age was associated with lower risk of CKD.

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Adherence to Dietary Patterns and Risk of Incident Dementia: Findings from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

Journal of Alzheimer s Disease ◽

10.3233/jad-200392 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 78 (2) ◽

pp. 827-835

Author(s):

Emily A. Hu ◽

Aozhou Wu ◽

Jennifer L. Dearborn ◽

Rebecca F. Gottesman ◽

A. Richey Sharrett ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Healthy Eating ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Lower Risk ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Healthy Eating Index ◽

Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities ◽

Dementia Risk ◽

Incident Dementia ◽

Atherosclerosis Risk ◽

Aric Study

Background: Previous studies have suggested that adherence to healthy dietary patterns during late life may be associated with improved cognition. However, few studies have examined the association between healthy dietary patterns during midlife and incident dementia. Objective: Our study aimed to determine the association between adherence to healthy dietary patterns at midlife and incident dementia. Methods: We included 13,630 adults from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study in our prospective analysis. We used food frequency questionnaire responses to calculate four dietary scores: Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015), Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI-2010), alternate Mediterranean (aMed) diet, and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH). Participants were followed until the end of 2017 for incident dementia. Cox regression models adjusted for covariates were used to estimate risk of incident dementia by quintile of dietary scores. Results: Over a median of 27 years, there were 2,352 cases of incident dementia documented. Compared with participants in quintile 1 of HEI-2015, participants in quintile 5 (healthiest) had a 14% lower risk of incident dementia (hazard ratio, HR: 0.86, 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.74–0.99). There were no significant associations of incident dementia with the AHEI-2010, aMed, or DASH scores. There were no significant interactions by sex, age, race, education, physical activity, hypertension, or obesity. Conclusion: Adherence to the HEI-2015, but not the other dietary scores, during midlife was associated with lower risk of incident dementia. Further research is needed to elucidate whether timing of a healthy diet may influence dementia risk.

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Diet patterns and the incidence of age-related macular degeneration in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study

British Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314813 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 104 (8) ◽

pp. 1070-1076 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Shruti Dighe ◽

Jiwei Zhao ◽

Lyn Steffen ◽

J A Mares ◽

Stacy M Meuer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Macular Degeneration ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Dietary Pattern ◽

Vision Loss ◽

Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽

Food Groups ◽

Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities ◽

Diet Patterns ◽

Age Related ◽

Atherosclerosis Risk

BackgroundAge-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible vision loss among the elderly.ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine the association between dietary patterns and food groups (used to make them) with the 18-year incidence of AMD.MethodsARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) participants who showed change in AMD lesions between retinal photographs taken at visit 3 and visit 5 were graded side by side to determine incident AMD (any=144; early=117; late=27). A 66-line item food frequency questionnaire, administered at visit 1 and visit 3, was used to identify 29 food groups. Principal component analysis was used to derive dietary patterns from average food group servings. Logistic regression was used to estimate ORs and 95% CIs for incident AMD (any, early and late) by tertiles of dietary pattern scores, adjusted for age, race, education, total calories and smoking status. P-trend was estimated using continuous scores.ResultsWestern (unhealthy) and Prudent (healthy) dietary patterns were identified. No significant associations were observed between either dietary pattern and incident any or incident early AMD. However, a threefold higher incidence of late AMD was observed among participants with a Western pattern score above, as compared with below, the median (OR=3.44 (95% CI 1.33 to 8.87), p-trend=0.014). The risk of developing late AMD was decreased, but not statistically significant, among participants with a Prudent pattern score above, as compared with below, the median (OR=0.51 (95% CI 0.22 to 1.18), p-trend=0.054).ConclusionsDiet patterns were not significantly associated with incident any or incident early AMD. However, consumption of a Western pattern diet may be a risk factor for development of late AMD.

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Dietary patterns and cardiovascular disease

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1017/s0029665113002048 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 72 (4) ◽

pp. 407-411 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

C. M. Williams ◽

J. A. Lovegrove ◽

B. A. Griffin

Keyword(s):

Dietary Patterns ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Dietary Guidelines ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Potential Benefits ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Intervention Trials ◽

Risk Biomarkers ◽

Randomised Controlled ◽

The Relationship

Despite strong prospective epidemiology and mechanistic evidence for the benefits of certain micronutrients in preventing CVD, neutral and negative outcomes from secondary intervention trials have undermined the efficacy of supplemental nutrition in preventing CVD. In contrast, evidence for the positive impact of specific diets in CVD prevention, such as the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, has focused attention on the potential benefits of whole diets and specific dietary patterns. These patterns have been scored on the basis of current guidelines for the prevention of CVD, to provide a quantitative evaluation of the relationship between diet and disease. Using this approach, large prospective studies have reported reductions in CVD risk ranging from 10 to 60% in groups whose diets can be variously classified as ‘Healthy’, ‘Prudent’, Mediterranean’ or ‘DASH compliant’. Evaluation of the relationship between dietary score and risk biomarkers has also been informative with respect to underlying mechanisms. However, although this analysis may appear to validate whole-diet approaches to disease prevention, it must be remembered that the classification of dietary scores is based on current understanding of diet–disease relationships, which may be incomplete or erroneous. Of particular concern is the limited number of high-quality intervention studies of whole diets, which include disease endpoints as the primary outcome. The aims of this review are to highlight the limitations of dietary guidelines based on nutrient-specific data, and the persuasive evidence for the benefits of whole dietary patterns on CVD risk. It also makes a plea for more randomised controlled trials, which are designed to support food and whole dietary-based approaches for preventing CVD.

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