Three-Dimensional Facial Scanning at the Fingertips of Patients and Surgeons: Accuracy and Precision Testing of iPhone X Three-Dimensional Scanner

The increasing use of three-dimensional (3D) imaging techniques in dental medicine has boosted the development and use of artificial intelligence (AI) systems for various clinical problems. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and intraoral/facial scans are potential sources of image data to develop 3D image-based AI systems for automated diagnosis, treatment planning, and prediction of treatment outcome. This review focuses on current developments and performance of AI for 3D imaging in dentomaxillofacial radiology (DMFR) as well as intraoral and facial scanning. In DMFR, machine learning-based algorithms proposed in the literature focus on three main applications, including automated diagnosis of dental and maxillofacial diseases, localization of anatomical landmarks for orthodontic and orthognathic treatment planning, and general improvement of image quality. Automatic recognition of teeth and diagnosis of facial deformations using AI systems based on intraoral and facial scanning will very likely be a field of increased interest in the future. The review is aimed at providing dental practitioners and interested colleagues in healthcare with a comprehensive understanding of the current trend of AI developments in the field of 3D imaging in dental medicine.

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Accuracy and precision of the three-dimensional assessment of the facial surface using a 3-D laser scanner

IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging ◽

10.1109/tmi.2006.873624 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 25 (6) ◽

pp. 742-754 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

L. Kovacs ◽

A. Zimmermann ◽

G. Brockmann ◽

H. Baurecht ◽

K. Schwenzer-Zimmerer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Laser Scanner ◽

Accuracy And Precision ◽

Dimensional Assessment

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Needle-like instruments for steering through solid organs: A review of the scientific and patent literature

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part H Journal of Engineering in Medicine ◽

10.1177/0954411916672149 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 231 (3) ◽

pp. 250-265 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Marta Scali ◽

Tim P Pusch ◽

Paul Breedveld ◽

Dimitra Dodou

Keyword(s):

Deflection Angle ◽

Tissue Sample ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Systematic Classification ◽

On Demand ◽

Percutaneous Procedures ◽

Accuracy And Precision ◽

Patent Literature ◽

Steerable Needles ◽

Localized Drug Delivery

High accuracy and precision in reaching target locations inside the human body is necessary for the success of percutaneous procedures, such as tissue sample removal (biopsy), brachytherapy, and localized drug delivery. Flexible steerable needles may allow the surgeon to reach targets deep inside solid organs while avoiding sensitive structures (e.g. blood vessels). This article provides a systematic classification of possible mechanical solutions for three-dimensional steering through solid organs. A scientific and patent literature search of steerable instrument designs was conducted using Scopus and Web of Science Derwent Innovations Index patent database, respectively. First, we distinguished between mechanisms in which deflection is induced by the pre-defined shape of the instrument versus mechanisms in which an actuator changes the deflection angle of the instrument on demand. Second, we distinguished between mechanisms deflecting in one versus two planes. The combination of deflection method and number of deflection planes led to eight logically derived mechanical solutions for three-dimensional steering, of which one was dismissed because it was considered meaningless. Next, we classified the instrument designs retrieved from the scientific and patent literature into the identified solutions. We found papers and patents describing instrument designs for six of the seven solutions. We did not find papers or patents describing instruments that steer in one-plane on-demand via an actuator and in a perpendicular plane with a pre-defined deflection angle via a bevel tip or a pre-curved configuration.

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ASSESSING THE ACCURACY AND PRECISION OF IMPERFECT POINT CLOUDS FOR 3D INDOOR MAPPING AND MODELING

ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-4-w6-3-2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol IV-4/W6 ◽

pp. 3-10

Author(s):

J. Chen ◽

O. E. Mora ◽

K. C. Clarke

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Random Noise ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Laser Scanner ◽

Point Clouds ◽

Accuracy And Precision ◽

Wide Range ◽

Sharp Edges ◽

The Cost ◽

Indoor Spaces

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> In recent years, growing public interest in three-dimensional technology has led to the emergence of affordable platforms that can capture 3D scenes for use in a wide range of consumer applications. These platforms are often widely available, inexpensive, and can potentially find dual use in taking measurements of indoor spaces for creating indoor maps. Their affordability, however, usually comes at the cost of reduced accuracy and precision, which becomes more apparent when these instruments are pushed to their limits to scan an entire room. The point cloud measurements they produce often exhibit systematic drift and random noise that can make performing comparisons with accurate data difficult, akin to trying to compare a fuzzy trapezoid to a perfect square with sharp edges. This paper outlines a process for assessing the accuracy and precision of these imperfect point clouds in the context of indoor mapping by integrating techniques such as the extended Gaussian image, iterative closest point registration, and histogram thresholding. A case study is provided at the end to demonstrate use of this process for evaluating the performance of the Scanse Sweep 3D, an ultra-low cost panoramic laser scanner.</p>

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Comparative assesment of accuracy of IOPA and CBCT for maxillary molar furcation involvement: a clinical and radiological study

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20181776 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (5) ◽

pp. 1765 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mohammed Fahad Parvez ◽

Nandini Manjunath ◽

Raghavendra Kini

Keyword(s):

Surgical Intervention ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Test Results ◽

Two Dimensional Image ◽

Accuracy And Precision ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Maxillary Molar ◽

Furcation Involvement ◽

Dimensional Object ◽

Periodontal Bone Defects

Background: Radiographs in periodontics will provide a two-dimensional image of a three-dimensional object and this leads to problems in terms of validity, accuracy and precision. Hence, the study was conducted with an aim to assess the accuracy of IOPA And CBCT for Maxillary Molar Furcation involvement by clinical and radiological methods.Methods: The study sample consisted of 17 subjects from the Out patient Department of A.J. Institute of Dental Science, Manglore belonging to both sexes and with age ranging from 35-55 years. The selected patients were those having presence of periodontal pockets of >5-6mm and advanced periodontal disease requiring surgical intervention. For the purpose of standardization, 3 sites of the maxillary first molars were assessed-Mid-buccal, Mesio-buccal, Disto-buccal. Iopa and CBCT measurements were taken which was followed by surgical intervention during which probing measurements were recorded. Statistical analysis was done using ‘unpaired t test’.Results: There was no statistically significant difference between CBCT measurements and surgical measurements (p≤0.05).Conclusions: CBCT accurately reproduced the clinical measurement of periodontal bone defects.

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Accuracy and Precision of In Vitro Volumetric Measurements by Three-Dimensional Sonography

Investigative Radiology ◽

10.1097/00004424-199601000-00005 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 26-29 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

JONATHAN WONG ◽

EUGENIO O. GERSCOVICH ◽

MICHAEL S. CRONAN ◽

J. ANTHONY SEIBERT

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Accuracy And Precision ◽

Volumetric Measurements

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Evaluation of the Accuracy of Four Digital Methods by Linear and Volumetric Analysis of Dental Impressions

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma12121958 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 1958 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Stefano Pagano ◽

Michele Moretti ◽

Roberto Marsili ◽

Alessandro Ricci ◽

Giancarlo Barraco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Probability Distributions ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Point Clouds ◽

Volumetric Analysis ◽

Digital Impression ◽

Dental Arch ◽

Mean Values ◽

Coordinate Measurement ◽

Dental Clinics ◽

Accuracy And Precision

The quality of dental arch impression has a substantial role in the precision of the intervention. It is traditionally acquired with resins that solidify when in contact with the air. Compared to that method, digital impression gives great advantages and, together with three-dimensional (3D) digitization devices, allows a simplification of the digital impression process. The growing adoption of such systems by a large number of dental clinics determines the need for an in-depth evaluation of the accuracy and the precision of the different systems. The aim of this work is to define a methodology for the evaluation of the accuracy and precision of 3D intraoral and desktop scanning systems, by using volumetric and linear methods. The replica of a tooth was realized with zirconium; afterward, high-accuracy point clouds of the master model were acquired by a coordinate measurement machine (CMM). In this way, the dimensions of the replica were accurately known. An intraoral scanner (I) and three desktops (D1, D2, D3) were then used to scan the replica. The geometry resulting from the CMM was compared with the ones derived from the scanners, using two different commercial programs (Geomagic and 3-Matic) and a custom-developed algorithm (MATLAB). Geomagic showed the mean values to be in a range from 0.0286 mm (D1) to 0.1654 mm (I), while 3-Matic showed mean values from −0.0396 mm (D1) to 0.1303 mm (I). MATLAB results ranged from 0.00014 mm (D1) to 0.00049 mm (D2). The probability distributions of the volumetric error of the measurements obtained with the different scanners allow a direct comparison of their performances. For the results given by our study, the volumetric approach that we adopted appears to be an excellent system of analysis.

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Accuracy and precision of measurements performed on three-dimensional printed pelvises when compared to computed tomography measurements

Journal of Veterinary Science ◽

10.4142/jvs.2019.20.e22 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Loic Larguier ◽

Adrien-Maxence Hespel ◽

Nathalie Jamet ◽

Elise Mercier ◽

Daniel Jouan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Accuracy And Precision

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Predictive Model for Occlusal Vertical Dimension Determination and Digital Preservation with Three-Dimensional Facial Scanning

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10217890 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (21) ◽

pp. 7890

Author(s):

Luminita Oancea ◽

Mihai Burlibasa ◽

Alexandru Eugen Petre ◽

Eugenia Panaitescu ◽

Corina Marilena Cristache

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Vertical Dimension ◽

Final Decision ◽

Digital Information ◽

Anthropometric Parameters ◽

Oral Rehabilitation ◽

Optimal Method ◽

Occlusal Vertical Dimension ◽

Facial Scanning ◽

Cephalometric Measurements

(1) Background: Occlusal vertical dimension (OVD) in the optimal maxillo–mandibular relationship is an important parameter to establish when complex dental rehabilitation has to be done. The optimal method to measure OVD is still a challenge in everyday practice. The aim of the present study was to test the reliability of the correlation between OVD and some anthropometric and cephalometric methods described in the literature. The validity of OVD registration using a facial scanner was also assessed. (2) Materials and Methods: 150 dentate participants, aged 20–25 years, were randomly selected using sealed envelopes. Anthropometric measurements between specific standard points were performed: Subnasion–Prementon (Sn–PM) and Subnasion–Gnation (Sn–Gn) in maximum intercuspation and in the rest mandibular position, right and left pupil to the corresponding chelion. The cephalometric measurements registered were the lower facial angle and the angle between mandibular and Frankfurt planes. The distance Sn–Gn in maximum intercuspation was compared to all other parameters. Facial scanning, with a mobile phone and installed dedicated application, was performed on ten subjects, randomly selected using the same method among the participants, and the obtained 3D files were analyzed. The digital measurements were compared, for validity, to the clinical measurements. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used, for comparing clinical Sn–Gn in maximum intercuspation position to the other parameters. (3) Results: A strong agreement between all measured anthropometric parameters of the facial scan and clinical contact measurement method was registered. None of the measured parameters could predict the exact OVD. (4) Conclusions: In the limits of our study, the facial scanning could be used for predictable registration of OVD and the stored digital information could be preserved through life and use for oral rehabilitation. However, if OVD needs to be determined, several measurement methods, including cephalometric measurements, need to be used simultaneously to reach a final decision.

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Beyond the Square Hole

Advances in Archaeological Practice ◽

10.1017/aap.2016.8 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 54-70 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Charles W. Koenig ◽

Mark D. Willis ◽

Stephen L. Black

Keyword(s):

Structure From Motion ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Archaeological Sites ◽

Digital Cameras ◽

Critical Importance ◽

Digital Technique ◽

3D Data ◽

Accuracy And Precision ◽

Lower Pecos ◽

Square Hole

ABSTRACTThe accurate and precise collection of three-dimensional (3D) context and provenience data is of critical importance for archaeologists. Traditional square-hole methods are being augmented by new digital techniques to increase the accuracy and precision with which 3D data are collected. Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry is an emerging digital technique that is becoming more widespread for collecting 3D data of archaeological sites and features. We are using handheld digital cameras and ground-based SfM to record accurate and precise 3D context and provenience data at the scale of the excavation unit and profile during rockshelter excavations in the Lower Pecos Canyonlands of Texas. By combining SfM with traditional excavation methods, we collect 3D data on excavation units, layers, features, and profiles without excavating in grid-bound square units. SfM provides a straightforward and flexible method to excavate based on the stratigraphy and logistical pragmatics, which further aids in assigning precise context and provenience to recovered artifacts and samples. This article describes how ground-based SfM serves as a basic recording tool during excavation and shows that, by applying ground-based SfM methods to excavation, archaeologists can collect more, and more accurate, data than with traditional square-hole methods.

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