Radio-Morphometric Evaluation of Greater Palatine Canal and Pterygopalatine Fossa Component

Objective: As a guide to the clinical practice of infiltration of local anesthesia into the pterygopalatine fossa via the greater palatine canal, this study sought to determine and record the mean CT scan measurements of the following: 1) palatal mucosal thickness, 2) length and width of greater palatine canal, and 3) length and width of pterygopalatine fossa, among adult patients in a private tertiary hospital in Quezon City. Method: Study Design: Retrospective, Descriptive Study Setting: Tertiary Private Hospital Participants: Paranasal Sinus (PNS) CT Scans of 113 adult patients from January 2014 to May 2014 were reviewed and evaluated. Excluded were images with pathology that distorted the anatomy of the sinuses and surrounding structures. Results: Our study showed average CT scan measurements of 5.98 mm palatal mucosal thickness, 16.99 mm greater palatine canal length, 18.75 mm pterygopalatine fossa length, 2.37 mm greater palatine canal width, and 2.58 mm pterygopalatine fossa width. Comparison of average measurements by sex was not statistically significant. There was statistical significance when comparing the right palatal mucosal thickness of 5.86 mm with the left which was 6.11 mm, with p-value of 0.001. Comparison between the length of the right pterygopalatine fossa of 18.48 mm with the left side at 19.01 mm, showed statistical significance with p-value of 0.01. Conclusion: As the average measurement of the mucosal palatal thickness combined with the length of the greater palatine canal was 22.97 mm, we recommend bending the needle 23 mm from the tip in a 45 degree angle, for adult patients who will undergo sinus surgery, control of posterior epistaxis, trigeminal nerve block, and minor oral cavity surgeries. Keywords: pterygopalatine fossa infiltration, greater palatine canal, greater palatine foramen, regional anesthesia blocks

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Laser-Doppler blood flowmetry measurement of nasal mucosa blood flow after injection of the greater palatine canal

The Journal of Laryngology & Otology ◽

10.1017/s0022215100132943 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 110 (2) ◽

pp. 124-128 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Paul Gurr ◽

Vincent Callanan ◽

David Baldwin

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Mucosal Blood Flow ◽

Inferior Turbinate ◽

Pterygopalatine Fossa ◽

Laser Doppler ◽

Anterior Portion ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Before And After ◽

Greater Palatine Canal ◽

Blood Flowmetry

AbstractLaser-Doppler blood flowmetry was used to measure the mucosal blood flow of the inferior turbinate before and after injection of the greater palatine canal with 2 ml of a 0.5 per cent bupivicaine hydrochloride solution. Injection of the greater palatine canal is a useful technique in the control of posterior epistaxis. The arterial blood supply to the inferior turbinate is via a single descending branch of the sphenopalatine artery. We conjectured that injection of the pterygopalatine fossa, via the greater palatine canal, would result in a reduction of blood flow to the inferior turbinate. In this study injection of the pterygopalatine fossa caused only a 4.7 per cent decrease in blood flow to the inferior turbinate mucosa (p 0.571). Elevation of the head by an angle of 20 degrees reduced nasal mucosal blood flow by 38.3 per cent (p<0.0001). Depression of the head by an angle of 20 degrees increased nasal mucosal blood flow by 74.7 per cent (p<0.0001). We conclude that there is an adequate collateral blood circulation to the anterior portion of the inferior turbinate.

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An anatomic study using three-dimensional reconstruction for pterygopalatine fossa infiltration via the greater palatine canal

Clinical Anatomy ◽

10.1002/ca.21134 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 24 (5) ◽

pp. 576-582 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Se Hwan Hwang ◽

Jae Hyun Seo ◽

Young Hoon Joo ◽

Byung Guk Kim ◽

Jin Hee Cho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Pterygopalatine Fossa ◽

Three Dimensional Reconstruction ◽

Anatomic Study ◽

Dimensional Reconstruction ◽

Greater Palatine Canal

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A study of greater palatine foramen and its importance in the application of maxillary nerve block in South Indian Population

International Journal of Anatomy and Research ◽

10.16965/ijar.2020.244 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 7857-7860

Author(s):

Aravinth Mahesh ◽

◽

Rajesh. S ◽

Keyword(s):

Nerve Block ◽

Hard Palate ◽

Indian Population ◽

Pterygopalatine Fossa ◽

South Indian Population ◽

Maxillary Nerve ◽

Greater Palatine Foramen ◽

South Indian ◽

Maxillary Nerve Block ◽

Greater Palatine Canal

Introduction: The greater palatine foramen (GPF) is located in the posterior part of the hard palate between the articulations of hard palate with the maxilla. GPF continues posteriorly and upwards as greater palatine canal (GPC) which opens in to the inferior wall of pterygopalatine fossa. Exiting the foramen rotendum, maxillary nerve enters the pterygopalatine fossa where it can be blocked. The intraoral route of GPF approach can be preferred for maxillary nerve block because of its low incidence of complications and high success rate. For achieving a painless intra operative period in procedures involving the maxillary region and for tooth extraction achieving a perfect maxillary nerve block is of at most importance. Our present study is aimed at correctly locating the position of GPF, its shape and patency in south Indian population which will be helpful for the intra oral approach of maxillary nerve block through the GPF Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in 30 dry adult skull bones of both sex. The molar relation, shape and the patency of the GPF were observed, the readings were obtained, statistically analyzed and compared with other studies. Results: In our observation on both side of skull, it was noted that GPF was located opposite to the 3rd molar in 90% of cases. Oval shaped GPF is most commonly found in our study which accounts to 53.35% and the overall patency rate for GPF was 95% in our study. Conclusion: Analysis and comparison of data has proven that the position, shape and patency of GPF may vary according to different races. This study has also confirmed that the maxillary nerve block via GPF is relatively safe and easier due to the consistency of the position, shape and the patency of the GPF in south Indian population. KEY WORDS: Greater palatine foramen, maxillary nerve block, regional blocks, Greater palatine canal, pterygopalatine fossa, Maxillary nerve.

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Infraorbital Foramen and Pterygopalatine Fossa Location in Dry Skulls: Anatomical Guidelines for Local Anesthesia

Anatomy Research International ◽

10.1155/2017/1403120 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-4 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Omar Masabni ◽

Maha Ahmad

Keyword(s):

Local Anesthesia ◽

Alveolar Bone ◽

Pterygopalatine Fossa ◽

Depth Of Penetration ◽

Infraorbital Foramen ◽

Needle Penetration ◽

Close Proximity ◽

Greater Palatine Canal ◽

The Mean ◽

The Right

Purpose. The aim of the study was to locate the infraorbital foramen (IOF) in relation to the infraorbital margin (IOM) for proper injections of local anesthetics in skull specimens. Another aim was to determine the depth of needle penetration into pterygopalatine fossa through the greater palatine canal (GPC). Materials and Methods. 102 skull halves were used to measure the distances between (1) IOF and IOM and (2) IOF and alveolar ridge of maxilla at second premolar. Needles were inserted and bent at a 45° angle, passing through the GPC at the level of hard palate. The depth of the tip of needle emerging out of GPC into pterygopalatine fossa was measured. Results. The mean distance between IOF and IOM was 6.46±1.57 mm on the right side and 6.74±1.72 mm on the left. The mean distance between IOF and alveolar bone process of the maxilla at second premolar was 29.07±3.58 mm on the right side and 29.39±3.78 mm on the left. The mean depth of penetration of the needle into the pterygopalatine fossa was similar on both sides. Conclusions. Proper identification of IOF and pterygopalatine fossa is of great significance during local anesthesia injections, due to their close proximity to vital anatomic structures.

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Radio-anatomical Study of the Greater Palatine Canal and the Pterygopalatine Fossa in a Lebanese Population: A Consideration for Maxillary Nerve Block

Journal of Clinical Imaging Science ◽

10.4103/2156-7514.190862 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. 35 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Georges Aoun ◽

Ibrahim Nasseh ◽

Sayde Sokhn

Keyword(s):

Sagittal Plane ◽

Average Length ◽

Anatomical Study ◽

Average Diameter ◽

Pterygopalatine Fossa ◽

Maxillary Nerve ◽

Greater Palatine Foramen ◽

Lebanese Population ◽

Greater Palatine Canal ◽

The Right

Aim: The aim of this study was to describe the morphology of the component, greater palatine canal-pterygopalatine fossa (GPC-PPF), in a Lebanese population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) technology. Materials and Methods: CBCT images of 79 Lebanese adult patients (38 females and 41 males) were included in this study, and a total of 158 cases were evaluated bilaterally. The length and path of the GPCs-PPFs were determined, and the data obtained analyzed statistically. Results: In the sagittal plane, of all the GPCs-PPFs assessed, the average length was 35.02 mm on the right and 35.01 mm on the left. The most common anatomic path consisted in the presence of a curvature resulting in an internal narrowing whose average diameter was 2.4 mm on the right and 2.45 mm on the left. The mean diameter of the upper opening was 5.85 mm on the right and 5.82 mm on the left. As for the lower opening corresponding to the greater palatine foramen, the right and left average diameters were 6.39 mm and 6.42 mm, respectively. Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, we concluded that throughout the Lebanese population, the GPC-PPF path is variable with a predominance of curved one (77.21% [122/158] in both the right and left sides); however, the GPC-PPF length does not significantly vary according to gender and side.

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Resection of Schwannomas Arising Pterygopalatine Fossa with Transzygomatic Transcranial Approach

Journal of Neurological Surgery Part B Skull Base ◽

10.1055/s-0035-1546509 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 76 (S 01) ◽

Author(s):

Yiqun Wu ◽

Baohua Fan ◽

Huayi Cheng ◽

Chenping Zhang ◽

Tong Ji ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pterygopalatine Fossa ◽

Transcranial Approach

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Lengthening the Nasoseptal Flap Pedicle with Extended Dissection into the Pterygopalatine Fossa: A Cadaveric Anatomic Study

10.1055/s-0039-1679651 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Karthik Shastri ◽

Varun Patel ◽

Marcelo Charles-Pereira ◽

Maria Peris-Celda ◽

Tyler Kenning ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pterygopalatine Fossa ◽

Nasoseptal Flap ◽

Anatomic Study

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MAT: GIS-Based Morphometry Assessment Tools for Concave Landforms

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13142810 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (14) ◽

pp. 2810

Author(s):

Joanna Gudowicz ◽

Renata Paluszkiewicz

Keyword(s):

Rapid Development ◽

Assessment Tools ◽

Lidar Data ◽

Automatic Extraction ◽

Sensing Technology ◽

Digital Elevation ◽

Elevation Data ◽

Elevation Model ◽

Morphometric Assessment ◽

Morphometric Evaluation

The rapid development of remote sensing technology for obtaining high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) in recent years has made them more and more widely available and has allowed them to be used for morphometric assessment of concave landforms, such as valleys, gullies, glacial cirques, sinkholes, craters, and others. The aim of this study was to develop a geographic information systems (GIS) toolbox for the automatic extraction of 26 morphometric characteristics, which include the geometry, hypsometry, and volume of concave landforms. The Morphometry Assessment Tools (MAT) toolbox in the ArcGIS software was developed. The required input data are a digital elevation model and the form boundary as a vector layer. The method was successfully tested on an example of 21 erosion-denudation valleys located in the young glacial area of northwest Poland. Calculations were based on elevation data collected in the field and LiDAR data. The results obtained with the tool showed differences in the assessment of the volume parameter at the average level of 12%, when comparing the field data and LiDAR data. The algorithm can also be applied to other types of concave forms, as well as being based on other DEM data sources, which makes it a universal tool for morphometric evaluation.

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