scholarly journals Pterygopalatine Fossa Infiltration: A Radio-Anatomic Study among Adult Patients in a Tertiary Private Hospital

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
Neil Louis L. Apale ◽  
Joel A. Romualdez ◽  
Rodolfo E. Rivera ◽  
Joseph Benjamin M. Lu
Keyword(s):  
Ct Scan ◽  
Private Hospital ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Pterygopalatine Fossa ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Sinus Surgery ◽  
P Value ◽  
Mucosal Thickness ◽  
Greater Palatine Canal ◽  
The Right

Objective: As a guide to the clinical practice of infiltration of local anesthesia into the pterygopalatine fossa via the greater palatine canal, this study sought to determine and record the mean CT scan measurements of the following: 1) palatal mucosal thickness, 2) length and width of greater palatine canal, and 3) length and width of pterygopalatine fossa, among adult patients in a private tertiary hospital in Quezon City. Method: Study Design:            Retrospective, Descriptive Study Setting:                       Tertiary Private Hospital Participants:              Paranasal Sinus (PNS) CT Scans of 113 adult patients from January 2014 to May 2014 were reviewed and evaluated. Excluded were images with pathology that distorted the anatomy of the sinuses and surrounding structures. Results: Our study showed average CT scan measurements of 5.98 mm palatal mucosal thickness, 16.99 mm greater palatine canal length, 18.75 mm pterygopalatine fossa length, 2.37 mm greater palatine canal width, and 2.58 mm pterygopalatine fossa width. Comparison of average measurements by sex was not statistically significant. There was statistical significance when comparing the right palatal mucosal thickness of 5.86 mm with the left which was 6.11 mm, with p-value of 0.001. Comparison between the length of the right pterygopalatine fossa of 18.48 mm with the  left side at 19.01 mm, showed statistical significance with p-value of 0.01. Conclusion: As the average measurement of the mucosal palatal thickness combined with the length of the greater palatine canal was 22.97 mm, we recommend bending the needle 23 mm from the tip in a 45 degree angle, for adult patients who will undergo sinus surgery, control of posterior epistaxis, trigeminal nerve block, and minor oral cavity surgeries. Keywords: pterygopalatine fossa infiltration, greater palatine canal, greater palatine foramen, regional anesthesia blocks

Awareness of radiation doses and risks among radiology residents, fellows, specialists, consultants and technologists in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: Cross-Sectional Study. (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bashayer Hassan Shuaib ◽  
Rahaf Hisham Niazi ◽  
Ahmed Haitham Abduljabbar ◽  
Mohammed Abdulraheem Wazzan
Keyword(s):  
Interventional Radiology ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Knowledge Score ◽  
P Value ◽  
Radiation Doses ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Right ◽  
Interventional Radiology Procedures ◽  
Radiology Staff

BACKGROUND Radiology now plays a major role to diagnose, monitoring, and management of several diseases; numerous diagnostic and interventional radiology procedures involve exposure to ionizing radiation. Radiology now plays a major role to diagnose, monitoring, and management of several diseases; numerous diagnostic and interventional radiology procedures involve exposure to ionizing radiation. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to discover and compare the awareness level of radiation doses, protection issues, and risks among radiology staff in Jeddah hospitals. METHODS A cross-sectional survey containing 25 questions on personal information and various aspects of radiation exposure doses and risks was designed using an online survey tool and the link was emailed to all radiology staff in eight tertiary hospitals in Jeddah. The authors were excluded from the study. A P-value of < .05 was used to identify statistical significance. All analyses were performed using SPSS, version 21. RESULTS Out of 156 participants the majority 151 (96.8%) had poor knowledge score, where the mean scores were 2.4±1.3 for doses knowledge, 2.1±1.1for cancer risks knowledge, 2.3±0.6 for general information, and 6.7±1.9 for the total score. Only 34.6% of the participants were aware of the dosage of a single-view chest x-ray, and 9.0% chose the right answer for the approximate effective dose received by a patient in a two-view. 42.9% were able to know the correct dose of CT abdomen single phase. There is a significant underestimation of cancer risk of CT studies especially for CT abdomen where only 23.7% knew the right risk. A p-value of <0.05 was used to identify statistical significance. No significant difference of knowledge score was detected regarding gender (P =.2) or work position (P=.66). CONCLUSIONS Our survey results show considerable inadequate knowledge in all groups without exception. We recommended a conscientious effort to deliver more solid education and obtain more knowledge in these matters and providing periodic training courses to teach how to minimize the dose of radiation and to avoid risk related. CLINICALTRIAL not applicable

S289 – Effect of Pterygopalatine Injection on EBL in Sinus Surgery

2008 ◽  
Vol 139 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. P171-P171
Author(s):  
Michael Bublik ◽  
Jean A Eloy ◽  
Brian Tse ◽  
Ruiz Jose W ◽  
Roy R Casiano
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Pterygopalatine Fossa ◽  
Sinus Surgery ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Injection Group ◽  
Greater Palatine Foramen ◽  
Estimated Blood Loss ◽  
The Difference

Objectives We compare estimated blood loss (EBL) during functional endoscopic sinus surgery between patients receiving transoral pterygopalatine fossa and transnasal infiltration (combined) to patients receiving only transnasal infiltration. Variables such as CT-stage, revision surgery, presence of polyps, and operative time are considered. Methods Injection with 1% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine was performed through the greater palatine foramen and transnasally in the “combined” study group (20 patients) and only transnasally in the control group (22 patients). Charts, operative reports, and CT scans were reviewed and demographic data as well as pertinent information were collected. Patients were followed up and all additional procedures and events were recorded. Results 12 females and 8 males, average age of 48, underwent combined injections; 16 males and 6 females (average age of 50) were in the control group. Using the Wilcoxon/ Kruskal-Wallis Tests (Rank Sums), mean EBL calculated for the combined injection group was 347ml and 493ml for the transnasal injection group (CI 0.95, p=0.093). Average ratio of EBL over OR time was 2.89 ml/min for the combined group and 4.11 ml/min for the control group. We also compare EBL between groups in patients with polyps, endoscopic and CT stage, and revision cases. No complications were reported. Conclusions Combined injection of the pterygopalatine fossa and nasal cavity appears to be a safe and relatively simple method to decrease EBL during sinus surgery, but initial data analysis shows that the difference did not reach statistical significance.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Causes of Low Vision and Blindness among Adult Patients Attending Eye Clinic in a Tertiary Hospital in South East, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 20-28
Author(s):  
O. A. I. Otuka ◽  
N. C. Ekeleme ◽  
E. N. Akaraiwe ◽  
E. C. Iwuoha ◽  
L. I. Eweputanna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Vision ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
P Value ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
Care Givers ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Eye Clinic

Background: Low vision and blindness are significant public health issues worldwide. They result in educational, occupational, and social challenges in the affected persons. Their care givers/ families are also severely affected. There is however limited data on the magnitude of visual impairment in Aba, South East Nigeria. Objective: To determine the prevalence and causes of low vision and blindness among adult patients attending eye clinic in a tertiary hospital in South East Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This was an institutional-based retrospective, descriptive study involving 457 patients who attended Abia State University Teaching Hospital eye clinic between April and September 2018. Data was obtained from patient’s hospital records within the period under study and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 25.0. Statistical significance was set at a P-value of < 0.05. Results: Data of 457 ophthalmic patients who met the inclusion criteria for this study were analyzed. Mean age of respondents was 48.5 ± 17.7 years. A total 5.4% of the patients had bilateral low vision, while 30.2% and 7% had monocular and bilateral blindness respectively. Cataract-related diagnosis, refractive errors and glaucoma (28.4%, 28.2% and 14.7%) respectively were the major causes of low vision and blindness among the patients. Statistically significant association was found between respondent’s diagnosis and age as well as occupation (P<0.001). Conclusion: Results from this study will aid in planning low vision & blindness preventive programs and improving eye care services.

scholarly journals Comparative study of conventional versus microdebrider assisted endoscopic sinus surgery in sinonasal polyposis

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 197
Author(s):  
Bindia Ghera ◽  
Manish Munjal ◽  
Hemant Chopra
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Endoscopic Sinus Surgery ◽  
Conventional Group ◽  
Sinus Surgery ◽  
P Value ◽  
Postoperative Results ◽  
Conventional Instruments ◽  
Duration Of Surgery ◽  
The Right ◽  
Sinonasal Polyposis

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Functional endoscopic sinus surgery, conventional or with powered instruments is the standard surgical modality in sinonasal polyposis refractive to medical therapy. The recent modality, microdebrider assisted endoscopic sinus surgery offers better therapeutic approach for patients when compared to endoscopic sinus surgery with the conventional instruments. The objective was to evaluate the utility of microdebrider in endoscopic sinus surgery versus conventional instruments and to compare the intraoperative and postoperative results in both the methods.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> A prospective, randomized, comparative study was conducted on 30 patients with bilateral sinonasal polyposis. The subjects were selected by applying all the inclusion and exclusion criteria and divided into two groups i.e. the right and left side of nose were operated and compared for efficacy of microdebrider and conventional instruments. Each patient served as his or her own control. This study emphasizes the utility of microdebrider. It compares the intraoperative and postoperative results in the conventional and microdebrider assisted endoscopic sinus surgery.  </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> The intraoperative mean blood loss and duration of surgery were significantly higher in the conventional group (p-value &lt;0.001) as compared to microdebrider group. Postoperative symptom and endoscopy scores (discharge, scarring, crusting and polyp recurrence) were significantly higher in the conventional group (p-value &lt;0.001) as compared to the microdebrider group in 6 months follow up.</p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Microdebriders are more effective as compared to conventional endoscopic sinus surgery due to lesser intraoperative bleeding (relatively bloodless) and duration of surgery, better postoperative endoscopic and symptom scores, combine cutting and suction  in a single  tool, enabling accurate and precise tissue removal without damaging the surrounding mucosa , less scarring/synechiae, fewer complications.

scholarly journals Sonographic Assessment of Renal Length of Adults in Lagos, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-258
Author(s):  
Ese Anibor
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Left Kidney ◽  
Radiology Department ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Kidney Length ◽  
The Right ◽  
Renal Length

Introduction: Ultrasound is an important imaging modality used in the prognosis and diagnosis of renal conditions and diseases and also in the evaluation of kidney donors. This study aimed at providing a reference for the normal metric variables of the kidney such kidney lengths of healthy Nigerian adults in Lagos State and to compare with previously obtained results.Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the radiology department of Ikorodu Hospital. This study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional study design with a cluster sampling approach which consisted of 150 adults (with 300 kidneys) participants ages 18-87 years. Real-time gray-scale ultrasonic scanning using Prosound 3500 Aloka device and a 3.5–5 MHz curvilinear explorer was employed for the abdominal imaging. The data acquired were compiled and explored via the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. The student’s t-test was utilized in probing for statistical significance between age as well as gender in relation to renal length. P-value < 0.05 was adjudged to be significant.Results: The kidney length was of a greater distance in males, and the length of the left kidney was more extensive than that of the right kidney in both sexes. Average kidney length was greater on the left when compared to the right among the various age groups. No significant association was noted between kidney length and age as well as gender.Conclusions: Normal values for kidney length and diversifications in the kidney length of healthy adults in Nigeria have been established.

scholarly journals Toward Personalized Medicine Implementation: Survey of Military Medicine Providers in the Area of Pharmacogenomics

2019 ◽  
Vol 185 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 336-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse DeLuca ◽  
Daniel Selig ◽  
Lucas Poon ◽  
Jeffrey Livezey ◽  
Thomas Oliver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Personalized Medicine ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
The Body ◽  
P Value ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Military Health ◽  
Direct To Consumer ◽  
Knowledge Question ◽  
The Right

Abstract Introduction Personalized medicine is the right treatment, to the right patient, at the right dose. Knowledge of genetic predisposition to variable metabolism and distribution of drugs within the body is currently available as pharmacogenomic testing and is one of the pillars of personalized medicine. Pharmacogenomic testing is growing. It has become part of guidelines for dosing on FDA labels and has been used by health care organizations to improve outcomes and reduce adverse events. Additionally, it has been FDA approved for direct-to-consumer purchase and has been cause of concern of patient self-dosing and medication changes. Presumably in the near future, pharmacogenomics will be impressed upon the military health system (MHS) provider from either a top-down, command requested, or from a bottom-up, patient requested, approach. To date, widespread implementation of pharmacogenomic testing does not seem to be established within the MHS. This survey sheds light on the knowledge, exposure, use, comfort, and interest among family medicine providers in the MHS. It compares similar results in other national and international surveys and compares results among a small subset of residents to staff. Materials and Methods The questions were part of a larger survey conducted by the Clinical Investigations Committee of the Uniformed Services Academy of Family Physicians (USAFP) at the USAFP 2019 annual meeting. The study received approval from the Uniformed Services University Institutional Review Board. Submitted questions were written using multiple choice, fill-in, five-point Likert scale, and best answer. Direct results are reported as well as chi-square statistics for categorical data with statistical significance to attain a P-value of &lt; 0.05. Results Among the 532 USAFP-registered conference attendees eligible to complete the survey, 387 attendees responded to the survey, for a response rate of 72.7%. Some results included were a knowledge question in which 37% of respondents answered correctly. Less than half of respondents agreed that they could define pharmacogenomics, and resident respondents were more likely to have received teaching in graduate medical education. Additionally, 12% of providers responded to being exposed to direct-to-consumer results, and 28% of those exposed were influenced to change medications, while 14% were influenced to change medications on multiple occasions. Chi-square comparisons resulted in statistically significant direct relationships to exposure to direct to consumer testing, previous training, and confidence of those that answered the knowledge question correctly. Conclusions This survey establishes a baseline for the possible needs associated with implementation of a pharmacogenomic program, and it argues an actionable level for the use of pharmacogenomics among the patient population within the MHS.

STUDY OF MORPHOLOGY OF THE ETHMOIDAL ROOF ON CT SCAN IN PATIENT WITH NASOSINUSAL SYNDROMES

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 123-129
Author(s):  
Dieu Tran Thi ◽  
Thanh Dang
Keyword(s):  
Ct Scan ◽  
Skull Base ◽  
Contralateral Side ◽  
Sinus Surgery ◽  
Adjacent Structures ◽  
Base Study ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Type 3

Background: The ethmoidal roof is the thinnest bone of the skull base. Study of morphology of the ethmoidal roof on sinus CT Scan to avoid damaging the ethmoidal roof during sinus surgery. Objective: Describe the shape of the ethmoidal roof and some adjacent structures on computed tomography. Survey the relation between the shape of the ethmoidal roof and some adjacent structures. Patients and methods: Including 177 patients with nasosinusal syndromes who examined and underwent sinus CT scan at Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy. Result: The mean hight of the lateral lamella of the cribrifom plate is 4.27 ± 1.96 mm on the right and 4.64 ± 1.92mm on the left. Keros type 1 accounted for 41.5%, type 2 accounted for 47.2% and type 3 accounted for 11.3%. Keros classification on the left was significantly higher than that on the right side. The hight of the nasal cavity was lowest in the Keros type 1 group and highest in type 3 (p=0.001). For more than 2 mm asymmetry of the hight of the lateral lamella of the cribrifom plate, the Keros 3 group showed a statistical more common when compared to the other groups (X2=15.62, p=0.004). The hight of the lateral lamella of the cribrifom plate at the ipsilateral side (deviated side) was higher than that of the contralateral side, but the difference is not statistically significant. Conclusion: Understanding potential asymmetries and variations of the skull base contour may assist the surgeons in avoiding complications in sinus surgery. Key words: The ethmoid roof, sinus surgery

Computed tomography assessment of the ethmoid roof based on Keros classification in Iraqi patients undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-370
Author(s):  
Baseem Natheer Abdulhadi ◽  
Ali Ibrahim Shyaa ◽  
Laith ALTamimi
Keyword(s):  
Endoscopic Sinus Surgery ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery ◽  
Sinus Surgery ◽  
P Value ◽  
Type I ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Right

Background: Among the most popular methods employed to classify the depth of the olfactory fossa is Keros classification. This study aims to assess Keros classification of the ethmoid roof, any possible association between Keros types and gender, and the incidence of asymmetry between right and left sides among Iraqi patients.  Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at Al-Shaheed Gazi Al-Hariri Teaching Hospital, Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq. The archived reports and the CT scans images (nose and paranasal sinuses) of 126 patients who have undergone functional endoscopic sinus surgery between January 2019 and January 2020 were reviewed. Univariate and bivariate statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 24. The statistically significant was considered at less than 0.05. Results: More than half of patients were females (54.0%) with a mean age of 31.52 ± 11.38 (SD) years (range: 10-57 years). Among the total patients, the mean depth of olfactory fossa (OF) was 3.58 ± 0.02 mm. Results showed that Keros type I was the most common type (71.0%), followed by type II (27.4%) and type III (1.6%) respectively. The difference in the olfactory fossa depth between the right and left sides was ≥ 1 mm in 16 (12.7%) patients and < 1 mm in 110 (87.3%) patients. Moreover, there was no significant relation between symmetry/asymmetry and gender ( p-value > 0.05). Conclusion: Keros type I was the most common type, which carries the lowest risk of inadvertent intracranial injury during endoscopic sinus surgery; besides the relatively low percentage of asymmetry in the depth of the two olfactory fossae among patients, surgeons should always be cautious during surgery to avoid iatrogenic injury concerning the thin lateral lamella of the cribriform plate.

Very Early Post-Treatment PET/CT Scan Performed One Week after First Chemotherapy Course Compared Against the Standard PET after Third Course in Histologically Aggressive Lymphoma (NHL).

Blood ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (11) ◽  
pp. 2433-2433
Author(s):  
Fernando Cabanillas ◽  
Jorge Toro ◽  
Jorge W. Perdomo ◽  
Idalia Liboy ◽  
Orestes Pavia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ct Scan ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Independent Set ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Pet Scan ◽  
Aggressive Lymphoma ◽  
P Value ◽  
Pet Ct ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pet Ct Scan

Abstract The FDG-PET/CT scan has become a standard tool in the management of NHL. Failure to achieve an early metabolic CR (mCR) is associated with a poor outcome and this information can be used to modify subsequent management. However, several issues still need to be resolved, including: 1-What is the best time to perform a post-treatment PET scan? Is very early (i.e. 1 week) after the first chemotherapy superior to the traditional 3rd course PET scan? 2-What criteria can we use to define mCR? Is there an SUV threshold on the very early PET scan that best defines mCR? In order to answer these questions we designed a study in which patients with histologically aggressive NHLs had 3 sequential PET scans: 1st one at baseline, a 2nd one on week 1 after the 1st course of chemotherapy (W1 PET) and the 3rd one after course 3 of chemotherapy (C3 PET). We have entered 32 patients of which 30 are currently assessable. Histologies were: DLCL=26, FLCL=4. IPI was ≥2 in 69%. At baseline, median SUVmax=17.14 (range 5.6–47.1). In the 30 cases who had a W1 PET, the mean SUVmax dropped to 4.4 (0.7–21.3, corrected for background). In the 24 who have completed their C3 PET the mean SUVmax was 1.55 (0–15.2) and only 6 patients had an SUV >0: 0.9, 3.7, 3.9, 5.1, 8.3, 15.2. We then examined the correlation between the SUVmax of W1 PET with SUVmax of C3 PET. 24 cases have already had both a W1 PET and a C3 PET. Table 1 shows that the W1 PET correlated well with 17 (71%) of the 24 C3 PETs. All 14 who achieved SUVmax <4.0 on W1 PET had an SUVmax <4.0 on C3 PET (all of the latter achieved SUVs <1.0). However, of 10 cases who failed to attain SUVmax <4.0 on W1 PET, 7 went on to achieve SUVmax <4.0 on C3 PET, and 2 of these 7 relapsed. For the purpose of determining the best SUV cut-off that can be used to define mCR, we examined the failure free survival (FFS) at various cut-offs ranging from 0 to 8.0 for both W1 PETs and C3 PETs. The best cut-off for both W1 PET and C3 PET was observed at 4.0 (table 2). We thus defined mCR as a post-treatment SUVmax <4.0. Those who achieved mCR on the W1 PET had a significantly superior FFS (Kaplan-Meier method) than those who didn’t reach mCR (table 2). The results for the C3 PET didn’t reach statistical significance (table 2). Conclusions: 1- Striking improvements in the PET scan are seen as early as 1 week after the first chemotherapy course. 2-The results of the W1 PET anticipated correctly 71% of C3 PET results. 3- Patients who attained an SUVmax <4.0 on the W1 PET had a remarkably superior outcome than those with SUV max ≥4.0 and was associated with a 91% FFS. Thus an SUV cut-off of <4.0 at W1 PET can be used to define mCR. This finding should be confirmed in an independent set of patients. 4- The W1 PET is more sensitive and specific than the C3 PET and is preferable to the C3 PET in predicting clinical outcome. Correlation of W1PET SUVmax With C3PET SUVmax W1PET SUVmax N C3PET SUVmax<4.0 C3PET SUVmax≥4.0 <4.0 14 14 0 ≥4.0 10 7 3 Correlation of W1PET SUVmax and C3PET SUVmax With Outcome W1PET SUVmax N %FFS 8 mos. P value <4.0 18 91% ≥4.0 12 0% .01 C3PET SUVmax <4.0 21 73% ≥4.0 3 67% .19

scholarly journals Variability of the Anterior Ethmoid Artery in Endoscopic Sinus Surgery

2020 ◽  
pp. 014556132095048
Author(s):  
Mohamed A. Taha ◽  
Christian A. Hall ◽  
Harry E. Zylicz ◽  
Margaret B. Westbrook ◽  
William T. Barham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Skull Base ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Sinus Surgery ◽  
Preoperative Imaging ◽  
Computed Tomography Scans ◽  
Ethmoidal Artery ◽  
Anterior Ethmoidal Artery ◽  
The Right ◽  
Anterior Ethmoid Artery

Introduction: The anterior ethmoidal artery (AEA) demonstrates anatomic variability relative to its descent from the anterior skull base. Our study’s objective was to assess for correlation of AEA descent and laterality, in addition to correlation of AEA descent and the presence of supraorbital ethmoid cells (SOEC) and concha bullosae (CB). Method: A retrospective study was performed at a tertiary rhinology center from January 2019 to January 2020. Noncontrast maxillofacial computed tomography scans were examined independently by 2 fellowship trained rhinologists. The vertical distance from both left and right AEAs to the ipsilateral skull base were compared and correlated with the presence of ipsilateral SOEC and CB. Results: Computed tomography scans from 50 subjects were included. Mean age was 50.68 years (40% females). The distance of AEA to the skull base was greater on the left when compared to the right (62% vs 48%) ( P < .05). The left AEA had an average descent of 2.84 mm versus 1.78 mm on the right ( P < .05). An SOEC was present in 56% of cases. Thirty-eight percent of subjects had both SOEC and AEA descent on the right, while 52% of subjects had both on the left. This reached a statistical significance on both sides ( P < .05). Concha bullosa was present in 35% of cases, with both AEA descent and CB present in 16% on the right, and 32% on the left. Conclusion: The AEA displays variability in vertical descent from the skull base, with greater variability on the left. These findings implore vigilance with evaluation of preoperative imaging and during sinus surgery, especially in the presence of SOEC and CB.

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