Incidence of Primary Blast Injury in US Military Overseas Contingency Operations

2010 ◽  
Vol 251 (6) ◽  
pp. 1140-1144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amber E. Ritenour ◽  
Lorne H. Blackbourne ◽  
Joseph F. Kelly ◽  
Daniel F. McLaughlin ◽  
Lisa A. Pearse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blast Injury ◽  
Primary Blast ◽  
Us Military

scholarly journals Cerebellar White Matter Abnormalities following Primary Blast Injury in US Military Personnel

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. e55823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Mac Donald ◽  
Ann Johnson ◽  
Dana Cooper ◽  
Thomas Malone ◽  
James Sorrell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Military Personnel ◽  
Blast Injury ◽  
Cerebellar White Matter ◽  
Primary Blast ◽  
White Matter Abnormalities ◽  
Us Military

Investigations of Tissue-Level Mechanisms of Primary Blast Injury Through Modeling, Simulation, Neuroimaging and Neuropathological Studies

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Radovitzky ◽  
S. Socrate ◽  
K. Taber ◽  
R. Hurley ◽  
David Moore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blast Injury ◽  
Tissue Level ◽  
Primary Blast ◽  
Modeling Simulation

CD28 deficiency attenuates primary blast-induced renal injury in mice via the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway

2019 ◽  
Vol 166 (E) ◽  
pp. e66-e69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Liu ◽  
Y E Liu ◽  
C C Tong ◽  
P F Cong ◽  
X Y Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Renal Injury ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Blast Injury ◽  
Signalling Pathway ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Immunofluorescence Analysis ◽  
Primary Blast ◽  
Custom Made

IntroductionPrimary blast affects the kidneys due to direct shock wave damage and the production of proinflammatory cytokines without effective treatment. CD28 has been reported to be involved in regulating T cell activation and secretion of inflammatory cytokines. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of primary blast on the kidney and the effect of CD28 in mice.MethodsA mouse model of primary blast-induced kidney injury was established using a custom-made explosive device. The severity of kidney injury was investigated by H&E staining. ELISA was applied to study serum inflammation factors’ expression. Western blot assays were used to analyse the primary blast-induced inflammatory factors’ expression in the kidney. Immunofluorescence analysis was used to examine the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway.ResultsHistological examination demonstrated that compared with the primary blast group, CD28 deficiency caused a significant decrease in the severity of the primary blast-induced renal injury. Moreover, ELISA and western blotting revealed that CD28 deficiency significantly reduced the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4 and IL-6, and increased the IL-10 level (p<0.05). Finally, immunofluorescence analysis indicated that PI3K/Akt expression also changed.ConclusionsCD28 deficiency had protective effects on primary blast-induced kidney injury via the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway. These findings improve the knowledge on primary blast injury and provide theoretical basis for primary blast injury treatment.

An unusual primary blast injury

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serkan Yılmaz ◽  
Murat Pekdemir
Keyword(s):  
Blast Injury ◽  
Primary Blast

scholarly journals Transient Vestibular Balance Dysfunction after Primary Blast Injury

2001 ◽  
Vol 166 (10) ◽  
pp. 918-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred R. Sylvia ◽  
Angela I. Drake ◽  
Derin C. Wester
Keyword(s):  
Blast Injury ◽  
Primary Blast

Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction after Primary Blast Injury in vitro

2013 ◽  
Vol 30 (19) ◽  
pp. 1652-1663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher D. Hue ◽  
Siqi Cao ◽  
Syed F. Haider ◽  
Kiet V. Vo ◽  
Gwen B. Effgen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Blast Injury ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Barrier Dysfunction ◽  
Primary Blast ◽  
Blood Brain

scholarly journals Characterization of the response to primary blast injury

2011 ◽  
Vol 366 (1562) ◽  
pp. 286-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Kirkman ◽  
S. Watts
Keyword(s):  
Lung Injury ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
Blast Injury ◽  
Concomitant Injuries ◽  
Primary Blast ◽  
Clinical Consequences ◽  
Shallow Breathing ◽  
Autonomic Reflex ◽  
The Way

Lung injuries, predominantly arising from blast exposure, are a clinical problem in a significant minority of current military casualties. This special feature consists of a series of articles on lung injury. This first article examines the mechanism of the response to blast lung (primary blast injury to the lung). Subsequent articles examine the incidence of blast lung, clinical consequences and current concepts of treatment, computer ( in silico ) modelling of lung injury and finally chemical injuries to the lungs. Blast lung is caused by a shock wave generated by an explosion causing widespread damage in the lungs, leading to intrapulmonary haemorrhage. This, and the ensuing inflammatory response in the lung, leads to a compromise in pulmonary gas exchange and hypoxia that can worsen over several hours. There is also a characteristic cardio-respiratory effect mediated via an autonomic reflex causing apnoea (or rapid shallow breathing), bradycardia and hypotension (the latter possibly also due to the release of nitric oxide). An understanding of this response, and the way it modifies other reflexes, can help the development of new treatment strategies for this condition and for the way it influences the patient's response to concomitant injuries.

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