scholarly journals Plain faces are more expressive: comparative study of facial colour, mobility and musculature in primates

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 20140275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharlene E. Santana ◽  
Seth D. Dobson ◽  
Rui Diogo
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Facial Nucleus ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
Colour Patterns

Facial colour patterns and facial expressions are among the most important phenotypic traits that primates use during social interactions. While colour patterns provide information about the sender's identity, expressions can communicate its behavioural intentions. Extrinsic factors, including social group size, have shaped the evolution of facial coloration and mobility, but intrinsic relationships and trade-offs likely operate in their evolution as well. We hypothesize that complex facial colour patterning could reduce how salient facial expressions appear to a receiver, and thus species with highly expressive faces would have evolved uniformly coloured faces. We test this hypothesis through a phylogenetic comparative study, and explore the underlying morphological factors of facial mobility. Supporting our hypothesis, we find that species with highly expressive faces have plain facial colour patterns. The number of facial muscles does not predict facial mobility; instead, species that are larger and have a larger facial nucleus have more expressive faces. This highlights a potential trade-off between facial mobility and colour patterning in primates and reveals complex relationships between facial features during primate evolution.

scholarly journals Augmented Reality for Autistic Children to Enhance Their Understanding of Facial Expressions

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Mohammad Wedyan ◽  
Jannat Falah ◽  
Ryan Alturki ◽  
Irini Giannopulu ◽  
Salsabeel F. M. Alfalah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Computer Technology ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
And Behavior

Difficulty in understanding the feelings and behavior of other people is considered one of the main symptoms of autism. Computer technology has increasingly been used in interventions with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), especially augmented reality, to either treat or alleviate ASD symptomatology. Augmented reality is an engaging type of technology that helps children interact easily and understand and remember information, and it is not limited to one age group or level of education. This study utilized AR to display faces with six different basic facial expressions—happiness, sadness, surprise, fear, disgust, and anger—to help children to recognize facial features and associate facial expressions with a simultaneous human condition. The most important point of this system is that children can interact with the system in a friendly and safe way. Additionally, our results showed the system enhanced social interactions, talking, and facial expressions for both autistic and typical children. Therefore, AR might have a significant upcoming role in talking about the therapeutic necessities of children with ASD. This paper presents evidence for the feasibility of one of the specialized AR systems.

Hormones and Behavior

2019 ◽  
pp. 11-26
Author(s):  
Maren N. Vitousek ◽  
Laura A. Schoenle
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
And Behavior

Hormones mediate the expression of life history traits—phenotypic traits that contribute to lifetime fitness (i.e., reproductive timing, growth rate, number and size of offspring). The endocrine system shapes phenotype by organizing tissues during developmental periods and by activating changes in behavior, physiology, and morphology in response to varying physical and social environments. Because hormones can simultaneously regulate many traits (hormonal pleiotropy), they are important mediators of life history trade-offs among growth, reproduction, and survival. This chapter reviews the role of hormones in shaping life histories with an emphasis on developmental plasticity and reversible flexibility in endocrine and life history traits. It also discusses the advantages of studying hormone–behavior interactions from an evolutionary perspective. Recent research in evolutionary endocrinology has provided insight into the heritability of endocrine traits, how selection on hormone systems may influence the evolution of life histories, and the role of hormonal pleiotropy in driving or constraining evolution.

Trade-offs in phenotypic traits: endurance at birth, growth, survival, predation and susceptibility to parasitism in a lizard, Lacerta vivipara

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 675-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Clobert ◽  
A. Oppliger ◽  
G. Sorci ◽  
B. Ernande ◽  
J. G. Swallow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Lacerta Vivipara

scholarly journals The Impact of (Lot Upon Dispute) Maxim on Judiciary - A Comparative Study between Islamic Jurisprudence and Positive Law in the Sultanate of Oman-: أثر قاعدة (القرعة عند التَّشَاحِّ) في القضاء – دراسة مقارنة بين الفقه الإسلامي والقانون الوضعي في سلطنة عمان –

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fahad Khamis Ahmad Al- fahdi
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Colleges And Universities ◽  
Due Diligence ◽  
Sultanate Of Oman ◽  
Positive Law ◽  
The People ◽  
Islamic Jurisprudence ◽  
The Impact

The importance of this research lies in identifying the significance of giving due regard to the jurisprudential maxims, especially those related to judicial work. Islamic jurists have paid attention to the maxim of “lot upon dispute” to console the souls and reconcile litigants. This maxim represents the highest and loftiest degrees of social interactions in the Islamic community depending on a prudent Quranic provision and wise prophetic Sunnah. This study is divided into three subjects: First: the definitions of study terms. Second: the researcher addresses the impact of the maxim in the judiciary literature and related topics in the code of procedures, personal affairs and civil transactions. Third: the researcher mentions some exceptions of maxim and the characteristic of lot, then clarifies the legal status of the maxim. The researcher concludes the study with the most important results, such as the jurisprudential maxim combines different issues in a phase of an eloquent meaning and precise wording. Jurists adopt this maxim more than the people of law do in order to achieve justice and block the accusation door. The study refers also to the necessity that those who work in the judiciary work should consider these jurisprudential maxims through establishment and application. Judge or arbitrator shall also act upon this maxim, and seek to reconcile between people through balloting. In addition, the specialized colleges and universities shall adopt the “lot upon dispute” maxim, and exert due diligence in studying it and any subdivided contemporary issues.

scholarly journals Separable convolutional neural networks for facial expressions recognition

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andry Chowanda
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Convolutional Neural Networks ◽  
The Other ◽  
Computational Power ◽  
Facial Cues ◽  
Emotional Recognition ◽  
Testing Accuracy ◽  
Facial Expressions Recognition

AbstractSocial interactions are important for us, humans, as social creatures. Emotions play an important part in social interactions. They usually express meanings along with the spoken utterances to the interlocutors. Automatic facial expressions recognition is one technique to automatically capture, recognise, and understand emotions from the interlocutor. Many techniques proposed to increase the accuracy of emotions recognition from facial cues. Architecture such as convolutional neural networks demonstrates promising results for emotions recognition. However, most of the current models of convolutional neural networks require an enormous computational power to train and process emotional recognition. This research aims to build compact networks with depthwise separable layers while also maintaining performance. Three datasets and three other similar architectures were used to be compared with the proposed architecture. The results show that the proposed architecture performed the best among the other architectures. It achieved up to 13% better accuracy and 6–71% smaller and more compact than the other architectures. The best testing accuracy achieved by the architecture was 99.4%.

scholarly journals Uncovering Trait Associations Resulting in Maximal Seed Yield in Winter and Spring Oilseed Rape

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Siles ◽  
Kirsty L. Hassall ◽  
Cristina Sanchis Gritsch ◽  
Peter J. Eastmond ◽  
Smita Kurup
Keyword(s):  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Complex Trait ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Plant Level

Seed yield is a complex trait for many crop species including oilseed rape (OSR) (Brassica napus), the second most important oilseed crop worldwide. Studies have focused on the contribution of distinct factors in seed yield such as environmental cues, agronomical practices, growth conditions, or specific phenotypic traits at the whole plant level, such as number of pods in a plant. However, how female reproductive traits contribute to whole plant level traits, and hence to seed yield, has been largely ignored. Here, we describe the combined contribution of 33 phenotypic traits within a B. napus diversity set population and their trade-offs at the whole plant and organ level, along with their interaction with plant level traits. Our results revealed that both Winter OSR (WOSR) and Spring OSR (SOSR); the two more economically important OSR groups in terms of oil production; share a common dominant reproductive strategy for seed yield. In this strategy, the main inflorescence is the principal source of seed yield, producing a good number of ovules, a large number of long pods with a concomitantly high number of seeds per pod. Moreover, we observed that WOSR opted for additional reproductive strategies than SOSR, presenting more plasticity to maximise seed yield. Overall, we conclude that OSR adopts a key strategy to ensure maximal seed yield and propose an ideal ideotype highlighting crucial phenotypic traits that could be potential targets for breeding.

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