scholarly journals Temporal modelling of ballast water discharge and ship-mediated invasion risk to Australia

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 150039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Cope ◽  
Thomas A. A. Prowse ◽  
Joshua V. Ross ◽  
Talia A. Wittmann ◽  
Phillip Cassey
Keyword(s):  
Biological Invasions ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Propagule Pressure ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Maritime Trade ◽  
Bulk Carrier ◽  
Invasion Risk ◽  
Marine Invasion ◽  
Temporal Modelling

Biological invasions have the potential to cause extensive ecological and economic damage. Maritime trade facilitates biological invasions by transferring species in ballast water, and on ships' hulls. With volumes of maritime trade increasing globally, efforts to prevent these biological invasions are of significant importance. Both the International Maritime Organization and the Australian government have developed policy seeking to reduce the risk of these invasions. In this study, we constructed models for the transfer of ballast water into Australian waters, based on historic ballast survey data. We used these models to hindcast ballast water discharge over all vessels that arrived in Australian waters between 1999 and 2012. We used models for propagule survival to compare the risk of ballast-mediated propagule transport between ecoregions. We found that total annual ballast discharge volume into Australia more than doubled over the study period, with the vast majority of ballast water discharge and propagule pressure associated with bulk carrier traffic. As such, the ecoregions suffering the greatest risk are those associated with the export of mining commodities. As global marine trade continues to increase, effective monitoring and biosecurity policy will remain necessary to combat the risk of future marine invasion events.

scholarly journals Proxy-based model to assess the relative contribution of ballast water and biofouling’s potential propagule pressure and prioritize vessel inspections

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Ceballos-Osuna ◽  
Chris Scianni ◽  
Maurya Falkner ◽  
Raya Nedelcheva ◽  
Whitman Miller
Keyword(s):  
Ballast Water ◽  
Propagule Pressure ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Resource Limitations ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Risk Profiling ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Finite Set ◽  
Wetted Surface Area

AbstractCommercial shipping is the primary pathway of introduction for aquatic nonindigenous species, mainly through the mechanisms of ballast water and biofouling. In response to this threat, regulatory programs have been established across the globe to regulate and monitor commercial merchant and passenger vessels to assess compliance with local requirements to reduce the likelihood of NIS introductions. Resource limitations often determine the inspection efforts applied by these regulatory agencies to reduce NIS introductions. We present a simple and adaptable model that prioritizes vessel arrivals for inspection using proxies for potential propagule pressure, namely a ships’ wetted surface area as a proxy for the likelihood of biofouling-mediated potential propagule pressure and ballast water discharge volume as a proxy for ballast water-mediated potential propagule pressure. We used a California-specific dataset of vessels that arrived at California ports between 2015 and 2018 to test the proposed model and demonstrate how a finite set of inspection resources can be applied to target vessels with the greatest potential propagule pressure. The proposed tool is adaptable by jurisdiction, scalable to different segments of the vessel population, adjustable based on the vector of interest, and versatile because it allows combined or separate analyses of the PPP components. The approach can be adopted in any jurisdiction across the globe, especially jurisdictions without access to, or authority to collect, risk profiling data or direct measurements for all incoming vessel arrivals.

scholarly journals Assessing the relative potential ecological impacts and invasion risks of emerging and future invasive alien species

NeoBiota ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W.E. Dickey ◽  
Ross N. Cuthbert ◽  
Michael Rea ◽  
Ciaran Laverty ◽  
Kate Crane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alien Species ◽  
Attack Rate ◽  
Feeding Rate ◽  
Invasive Alien Species ◽  
Propagule Pressure ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
Invasion Risk ◽  
Pet Trade

Invasive alien species (IAS) cause myriad negative impacts, such as ecosystem disruption, human, animal and plant health issues, economic damage and species extinctions. There are many sources of emerging and future IAS, such as the poorly regulated international pet trade. However, we lack methodologies to predict the likely ecological impacts and invasion risks of such IAS which have little or no informative invasion history. This study develops the Relative Impact Potential (RIP) metric, a new measure of ecological impact that incorporates per capita functional responses (FRs) and proxies for numerical responses (NRs) associated with emerging invaders. Further, as propagule pressure is a determinant of invasion risk, we combine the new measure of Pet Propagule Pressure (PPP) with RIP to arrive at a second novel metric, Relative Invasion Risk (RIR). We present methods to calculate these metrics and to display the outputs on intuitive bi- and triplots. We apply RIP/RIR to assess the potential ecological impacts and invasion risks of four commonly traded pet turtles that represent emerging IAS: Trachemysscriptascripta, the yellow-bellied slider; T.s.troostii, the Cumberland slider; Sternotherusodoratus, the common musk turtle; and Kinosternonsubrubrum, the Eastern mud turtle. The high maximum feeding rate and high attack rate of T.s.scripta, combined with its numerical response proxies of lifespan and fecundity, gave it the highest impact potential. It was also the second most readily available according to our UK surveys, indicating a high invasion risk. Despite having the lowest maximum feeding rate and attack rate, S.odoratus has a high invasion risk due to high availability and we highlight this species as requiring monitoring. The RIP/RIR metrics offer two universally applicable methods to assess potential impacts and risks associated with emerging and future invaders in the pet trade and other sources of future IAS. These metrics highlight T.s.scripta as having high impact and invasion risk, corroborating its position on the EU list of 49 IAS of Union Concern. This suggests our methodology and metrics have great potential to direct future IAS policy decisions and management. This, however, relies on collation and generation of new data on alien species functional responses, numerical responses and their proxies, and imaginative measures of propagule pressure.

scholarly journals Relative Invasion Risk for Plankton across Marine and Freshwater Systems: Examining Efficacy of Proposed International Ballast Water Discharge Standards

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. e0118267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Casas-Monroy ◽  
Robert D. Linley ◽  
Jennifer K. Adams ◽  
Farrah T. Chan ◽  
D. Andrew R. Drake ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ballast Water ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Invasion Risk ◽  
Freshwater Systems

scholarly journals Physical dispersion and dilution of ballast water discharge in the St. Clair River: Implications for biological invasions

2013 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 2395-2407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yajun Sun ◽  
Mathew G. Wells ◽  
Sarah A. Bailey ◽  
Eric J. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Biological Invasions ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Water Discharge

scholarly journals Ballast water transport of non-indigenous zooplankton to Canadian ports

2011 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio DiBacco ◽  
Donald B. Humphrey ◽  
Leslie E. Nasmith ◽  
Colin D. Levings
Keyword(s):  
Water Transport ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Propagule Pressure ◽  
Taxon Richness ◽  
Marine Science ◽  
Invasion Risk ◽  
Dispersal Barriers ◽  
Natural Dispersal

Abstract DiBacco, C., Humphrey, D. B., Nasmith, L. E., and Levings, C. D. 2012. Ballast water transport of non-indigenous zooplankton to Canadian ports. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 483–491. Ballast water is one of the primary transport vectors for the transfer and introduction of non-indigenous zooplankton (NIZ). Regulations require vessels from overseas to conduct mid-ocean exchange before discharging ballast in Canadian ports. Intracoastal vessels from nearby ports may be exempt from exchange, whereas intracoastal vessels from more distant ports are required to exchange. Zooplankton in the ballast water of transoceanic exchanged (TOE), intracoastal exchanged (ICE), and intracoastal unexchanged (ICU) vessels arriving at Canada's west (WC) and east (EC) coasts were examined. NIZ density, propagule pressure, taxon richness, and community composition were compared among the three shipping classes. The WC ports received greater densities of NIZ and had greater NIZ propagule pressure than EC ports. Within WC vessels, NIZ propagule pressure and density were significantly greater in ICU vessels. TOE vessels on the EC had the greatest NIZ propagule pressure and density. ICU vessels entering Vancouver ports represented the greatest invasion risk to Canadian waters. These vessels likely mediate secondary invasions by facilitating the transport of unexchanged ballast directly from ports previously invaded, whereas short ICU voyage duration enhances organism survivorship and vessels transport NIZ over natural dispersal barriers.

Estimating establishment probabilities of Cladocera introduced at low density: an evaluation of the proposed ballast water discharge standards

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Bailey ◽  
Luis Antonio Vélez-Espino ◽  
Ora E. Johannsson ◽  
Marten A. Koops ◽  
Chris J. Wiley
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Propagule Pressure ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Critical Threshold ◽  
Precautionary Approach ◽  
Diapausing Eggs ◽  
Adverse Environmental Conditions ◽  
Future Technologies

The International Maritime Organization has proposed ballast water discharge standards to reduce densities of taxa transported in ballast water. While reduced propagule pressure will almost certainly lower the risk of species introductions, we ask if the proposed standards will be effective against taxa capable of rapid population growth from small inocula, such as parthenogenetic taxa. We modified a diffusion approximation to calculate establishment probabilities as the probability of reaching a critical threshold density necessary to initiate sexual reproduction (and production of diapausing eggs for long-term persistence) before the onset of adverse environmental conditions. We parameterize our model for six Cladocera using growth rates measured during enclosure experiments conducted under favourable environmental conditions (i.e., using a precautionary approach). We then examine predicted establishment probabilities at different inoculum densities to determine the efficacy of the proposed ballast water discharge standards. Our results indicate that future technologies in compliance with the proposed standards could reduce establishment probabilities for some parthenogenetic zooplankton threefold; however, there is still a risk of establishment for some taxa.

scholarly journals Assessing the relative potential ecological impacts and invasion risks of emerging and future invasive alien species

NeoBiota ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 103-126
Author(s):  
James W.E. Dickey ◽  
Ross N. Cuthbert ◽  
Michael Rea ◽  
Ciaran Laverty ◽  
Kate Crane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alien Species ◽  
Attack Rate ◽  
Feeding Rate ◽  
Invasive Alien Species ◽  
Propagule Pressure ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
Invasion Risk ◽  
Pet Trade

Invasive alien species (IAS) cause myriad negative impacts, such as ecosystem disruption, human, animal and plant health issues, economic damage and species extinctions. There are many sources of emerging and future IAS, such as the poorly regulated international pet trade. However, we lack methodologies to predict the likely ecological impacts and invasion risks of such IAS which have little or no informative invasion history. This study develops the Relative Impact Potential (RIP) metric, a new measure of ecological impact that incorporates per capita functional responses (FRs) and proxies for numerical responses (NRs) associated with emerging invaders. Further, as propagule pressure is a determinant of invasion risk, we combine the new measure of Pet Propagule Pressure (PPP) with RIP to arrive at a second novel metric, Relative Invasion Risk (RIR). We present methods to calculate these metrics and to display the outputs on intuitive bi- and triplots. We apply RIP/RIR to assess the potential ecological impacts and invasion risks of four commonly traded pet turtles that represent emerging IAS: Trachemysscriptascripta, the yellow-bellied slider; T.s.troostii, the Cumberland slider; Sternotherusodoratus, the common musk turtle; and Kinosternonsubrubrum, the Eastern mud turtle. The high maximum feeding rate and high attack rate of T.s.scripta, combined with its numerical response proxies of lifespan and fecundity, gave it the highest impact potential. It was also the second most readily available according to our UK surveys, indicating a high invasion risk. Despite having the lowest maximum feeding rate and attack rate, S.odoratus has a high invasion risk due to high availability and we highlight this species as requiring monitoring. The RIP/RIR metrics offer two universally applicable methods to assess potential impacts and risks associated with emerging and future invaders in the pet trade and other sources of future IAS. These metrics highlight T.s.scripta as having high impact and invasion risk, corroborating its position on the EU list of 49 IAS of Union Concern. This suggests our methodology and metrics have great potential to direct future IAS policy decisions and management. This, however, relies on collation and generation of new data on alien species functional responses, numerical responses and their proxies, and imaginative measures of propagule pressure.

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