Estimating establishment probabilities of Cladocera introduced at low density: an evaluation of the proposed ballast water discharge standards

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Bailey ◽  
Luis Antonio Vélez-Espino ◽  
Ora E. Johannsson ◽  
Marten A. Koops ◽  
Chris J. Wiley
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Propagule Pressure ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Critical Threshold ◽  
Precautionary Approach ◽  
Diapausing Eggs ◽  
Adverse Environmental Conditions ◽  
Future Technologies

The International Maritime Organization has proposed ballast water discharge standards to reduce densities of taxa transported in ballast water. While reduced propagule pressure will almost certainly lower the risk of species introductions, we ask if the proposed standards will be effective against taxa capable of rapid population growth from small inocula, such as parthenogenetic taxa. We modified a diffusion approximation to calculate establishment probabilities as the probability of reaching a critical threshold density necessary to initiate sexual reproduction (and production of diapausing eggs for long-term persistence) before the onset of adverse environmental conditions. We parameterize our model for six Cladocera using growth rates measured during enclosure experiments conducted under favourable environmental conditions (i.e., using a precautionary approach). We then examine predicted establishment probabilities at different inoculum densities to determine the efficacy of the proposed ballast water discharge standards. Our results indicate that future technologies in compliance with the proposed standards could reduce establishment probabilities for some parthenogenetic zooplankton threefold; however, there is still a risk of establishment for some taxa.

scholarly journals Temporal modelling of ballast water discharge and ship-mediated invasion risk to Australia

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 150039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Cope ◽  
Thomas A. A. Prowse ◽  
Joshua V. Ross ◽  
Talia A. Wittmann ◽  
Phillip Cassey
Keyword(s):  
Biological Invasions ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Propagule Pressure ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Maritime Trade ◽  
Bulk Carrier ◽  
Invasion Risk ◽  
Marine Invasion ◽  
Temporal Modelling

Biological invasions have the potential to cause extensive ecological and economic damage. Maritime trade facilitates biological invasions by transferring species in ballast water, and on ships' hulls. With volumes of maritime trade increasing globally, efforts to prevent these biological invasions are of significant importance. Both the International Maritime Organization and the Australian government have developed policy seeking to reduce the risk of these invasions. In this study, we constructed models for the transfer of ballast water into Australian waters, based on historic ballast survey data. We used these models to hindcast ballast water discharge over all vessels that arrived in Australian waters between 1999 and 2012. We used models for propagule survival to compare the risk of ballast-mediated propagule transport between ecoregions. We found that total annual ballast discharge volume into Australia more than doubled over the study period, with the vast majority of ballast water discharge and propagule pressure associated with bulk carrier traffic. As such, the ecoregions suffering the greatest risk are those associated with the export of mining commodities. As global marine trade continues to increase, effective monitoring and biosecurity policy will remain necessary to combat the risk of future marine invasion events.

scholarly journals Proxy-based model to assess the relative contribution of ballast water and biofouling’s potential propagule pressure and prioritize vessel inspections

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Ceballos-Osuna ◽  
Chris Scianni ◽  
Maurya Falkner ◽  
Raya Nedelcheva ◽  
Whitman Miller
Keyword(s):  
Ballast Water ◽  
Propagule Pressure ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Resource Limitations ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Risk Profiling ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Finite Set ◽  
Wetted Surface Area

AbstractCommercial shipping is the primary pathway of introduction for aquatic nonindigenous species, mainly through the mechanisms of ballast water and biofouling. In response to this threat, regulatory programs have been established across the globe to regulate and monitor commercial merchant and passenger vessels to assess compliance with local requirements to reduce the likelihood of NIS introductions. Resource limitations often determine the inspection efforts applied by these regulatory agencies to reduce NIS introductions. We present a simple and adaptable model that prioritizes vessel arrivals for inspection using proxies for potential propagule pressure, namely a ships’ wetted surface area as a proxy for the likelihood of biofouling-mediated potential propagule pressure and ballast water discharge volume as a proxy for ballast water-mediated potential propagule pressure. We used a California-specific dataset of vessels that arrived at California ports between 2015 and 2018 to test the proposed model and demonstrate how a finite set of inspection resources can be applied to target vessels with the greatest potential propagule pressure. The proposed tool is adaptable by jurisdiction, scalable to different segments of the vessel population, adjustable based on the vector of interest, and versatile because it allows combined or separate analyses of the PPP components. The approach can be adopted in any jurisdiction across the globe, especially jurisdictions without access to, or authority to collect, risk profiling data or direct measurements for all incoming vessel arrivals.

scholarly journals Relationships between reproduction and environment in the Hippopotamus Hippopotamus Amphibius in the Kruger National Park

Koedoe ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L Smuts ◽  
I. J Whyte
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
National Park ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Reproductive Rate ◽  
Kruger National Park ◽  
High Survival ◽  
Calf Survival ◽  
Hippopotamus Amphibius ◽  
Adverse Environmental Conditions

Hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius reproduction in the Kruger National Park, Republic of South Africa, is described and compared with that of other populations in Africa and with captive reared specimens. Information collected during drought and pluvial periods indicates that adult hippo cows react to adverse environmental conditions (reduced shelter in pools, overcrowding and food scarcity) by marked declines in conception rates (from 36,7 @ 5,6). Indirect evidence indicates that when environmental conditions are unfavourable calf survival is improved by extending the period of lactation and by calves suckling more than one cow. During favourable years some calves mature early (S S, 2 years, and 9 9 5 years) but generally sexual maturity is attained at six and 9-10 years for males and females respectively. The calving interval, when environmental conditions are favourable, is about two years and reproductive senescence and sterility are insignificant factors. The population sex ratio is 1:1. Hippos appear to be typical K-selected species. Environmental constraints have caused them to adopt a low reproductive rate and high survival rate and consequently a close adjustment to the long-term carrying capacity of the environment.

scholarly journals Algorithm for diagnosing bronchial asthma in citizens of military age.

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 36-43
Author(s):  
Yu N Zakrevskii ◽  
D A Arkhangelskii ◽  
D O Balakhnov ◽  
P N Lemeshko
Keyword(s):  
Bronchial Asthma ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Respiratory Function ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Medical Examination ◽  
Medical Opinion ◽  
Adverse Environmental Conditions ◽  
Remission Phase ◽  
Clinically Significant

Despite the presence of various international and Russian documents regulating the diagnosis of bronchial asthma, in everyday practice, doctors are constantey face a significant problem when confirming or excluding this disease in people of military age during their medical examination. This is due to the peculiarity of the natural course of the disease in military age: frequent long-term remissions, the predominance of mild or asymptomatic, normal indicators of respiratory function in the remission phase. It was necessary to revise the algorithm for diagnosing asthma in this category of persons in order to avoid making the wrong expert decisions. It has been taken into account that service in the army, with increased physical and emotional loads, exposure to various adverse environmental conditions can be a factor in both debut and exacerbation of the disease. Attention is drawn to the need for an integrated approach in conducting a survey before making a decision on the final rendering of a medical opinion. At the same time, a specific allergological examination, evaluation of spirographic studies, testing aimed at confirming the preserved bronchial hyperreactivity, and in controversial cases, inhalation tests with a clinically significant allergen are mandatory.

scholarly journals Proxy-based model to assess the relative contribution of ballast water and biofouling’s potential propagule pressure and prioritize vessel inspections

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0247538
Author(s):  
Lina Ceballos-Osuna ◽  
Chris Scianni ◽  
Maurya Falkner ◽  
Raya Nedelcheva ◽  
Whitman Miller
Keyword(s):  
Ballast Water ◽  
Propagule Pressure ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Resource Limitations ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Risk Profiling ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Finite Set ◽  
Wetted Surface Area

Commercial shipping is the primary pathway of introduction for aquatic nonindigenous species (NIS), mainly through the mechanisms of ballast water and biofouling. In response to this threat, regulatory programs have been established across the globe to regulate and monitor commercial merchant and passenger vessels to assess compliance with local requirements to reduce the likelihood of NIS introductions. Resource limitations often determine the inspection efforts applied by these regulatory agencies to reduce NIS introductions. We present a simple and adaptable model that prioritizes vessel arrivals for inspection using proxies for potential propagule pressure (PPP), namely a ships’ wetted surface area as a proxy for the likelihood of biofouling-mediated PPP and ballast water discharge volume as a proxy for ballast water-mediated PPP. We used a California-specific dataset of vessels that arrived at California ports between 2015 and 2018 to test the proposed model and demonstrate how a finite set of inspection resources can be applied to target vessels with the greatest PPP. The proposed tool is adaptable by jurisdiction, scalable to different segments of the vessel population, adjustable based on the vector of interest, and versatile because it allows combined or separate analyses of the PPP components. The approach can be adopted in any jurisdiction across the globe, especially jurisdictions without access to, or authority to collect, risk profiling data or direct measurements for all incoming vessel arrivals.

A Preparation based on Bacteria Isolated from Hypersaline Environments to Improve the Functional and Protective Characteristics of Concrete

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 21-28
Author(s):  
N.B. Gradova ◽  
S.P. Sivkov ◽  
E.V. Agalakova ◽  
A.A. Belov ◽  
N.A. Suyasov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Hypersaline Environment ◽  
Cement Stone ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Crack Healing ◽  
Cement Mixture ◽  
Adverse Environmental Conditions ◽  
Long Term Preservation ◽  
Bacterial Preparations

Improving the strength and stability of cement-based structures in adverse environmental conditions with associated anthropogenic influences is possible through the development and implementation of nature-like and nature-friendly technologies. The ability of urobacteria to precipitate calcium carbonate can be useful in the manufacture of self-healing and reinforced concrete, in the crack healing and the restoration of concrete structures. Hypersaline environment is an ecological niche for search for microorganisms that are resistant to increased alkalinity, changing environmental conditions and stress. Screening of microorganisms allowed us to isolate the most active urobacteria, Lysinibacillus macroides and Bacillus licheniformis, from hypersaline lakes. The introduction of these microorganisms into the cement mixture significantly increased the strength of mortar specimens, reduced their porosity and capillary water absorption, which was associated with ongoing biocalcination. We studied the microstructure of spores of diatomite-immobilized bacteria and showed that this form provided long-term preservation of bacterial activity. A high activity of bacterial preparations in the healing of cement stone cracks was found. biomineralization, biocementation, extreme halophiles, crack healing, cement mortar, microbial concrete, urea hydrolysis. The work was supported by the D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia (Project no. 033-2018).

CREATION OF THE INDUCED APPLE-THREE TETRAPLOIDS

1970 ◽  
pp. 23-25
Author(s):  
L. V. Tashmatova ◽  
О. V. Mantseva ◽  
N. V. Gorbacheva
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Cytological Analysis ◽  
Open Pollination ◽  
Apple Breeding ◽  
Adverse Environmental Conditions ◽  
Diploid Gametes ◽  
Resistance To Diseases

The basic moments of a process of obtaining apple tetraploids as donors of diploid gametes for apple breeding with polyploidy using are demonstrated. In industrial terms, triploids are of the greatest importance. The manifested effect of heterosis leads to the improvement of many characteristics - higher resistance to diseases, pests and adverse environmental conditions, greater autogamy than in diploids, less pronounced periodicity of fruiting, larger fruits and a convenient crown for harvesting. Triploids are developed as a result of crosses 2n × 3n or 2n × 4n. Tetraploids are necessary for more successful apple breeding with polyploidy using. For industry they are not of great importance but they are of interest as donors of diploid non-reduced gametes and allow to make the selection process more directional. One of the methods of experimental polyploidy is the induction of polyploids using mutagenes. The germs were treated with colchicines at concentrations 0.1% - 0.4% during 24 and 48 hours. According to the morphology the obtained plants were divided into five groups. Colchicine concentrations 0.3% and 0.4% during 48 hours of the treatment had a disastrous impact on the development of germs. As a result of the cytological analysis, tetraploids and chimeras were revealed, which were obtained from the seeds from the open pollination of Orlik and Svezhest (treatment variants – 0,1% colchicines solution and 24 and 48 hours of exposition), as well as from the seeds obtained as a result of the Svezhest × Bolotovskoye crossing. Tetraploids had a normal growth but they differed in large leaves, while chimeras were of low size with normal leaves and internodes.

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