scholarly journals A wave-length torsometer and its use with the universal interferometer

1923 ◽  
Vol 104 (724) ◽  
pp. 62-70
Keyword(s):  
Wave Length ◽  
Central Line ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Small Bodies ◽  
Fiducial Mark ◽  
Refined Method ◽  
Half Wave ◽  
Optical Lever ◽  
Work Table

The author has at last been able to fulfil his intention of extending to the determination of the torsion constants of crystals (and any other small bodies, unprocurable in large pieces) the accuracy and refinement of the measurement by wave-lengths of light. It is comparable to the method of determining Young’s modulus of elasticity by the bending of plates and bars, by the use of the interferential “elasmometer,” which the author described to the Royal Society in 1903. The torsometer now described, used with the universal interferometer described in the preceding memoir, does for torsion what the elasmometer does for bending, so that it is now possible to determine the whole of the elastic constants of crystals, which in the cases of crystals with minimum symmetry (triclinic) are no less than 21 in number, by the refined method of the half-wave-length scale of parallel and rectilinear interference bands, and their micrometrically determined fractions. The torsometer itself is a refinement of the instrument devised and used by the late Prof. W. Voigt, in which the method of the optical lever was employed. The new torsometer transmits the torse movement instead to a Grayson-ruling signal, or fiducial mark, consisting of five engraved lines only one forty-thousandth of an inch apart, the movement of the central line of which is followed by the microscope and measured in interference bands, the torsometer being fixed on the work-table of the universal interferometer for the purpose. This is, indeed, the first practical application of the new interferometer.

Practical Application

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kubo Mačák
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Temporal Perspective ◽  
Applicable Law ◽  
The Law ◽  
Geographical Scope

This chapter analyses the practical application of the law of belligerent occupation in internationalized armed conflicts in its temporal, geographical, and personal dimensions. Firstly, from a temporal perspective, the law is shown to apply once one of the conflict parties consolidates its control over the enemy territory and substitutes its own authority for that of the displaced enemy. Secondly, the chapter assesses the geographical scope of the applicable law and draws specific guidelines for the determination of the territory subject to the law of occupation in various types of internationalized armed conflicts. Thirdly, the chapter endorses the allegiance-based approach to the designation of protected persons under the law of occupation and applies it to the reality of internationalized armed conflict. Overall, the chapter presents a workable toolkit for the application of the law of occupation to internationalized armed conflicts.

Method for the simultaneous quantification of n-hexane metabolites: application to n-hexane metabolism determination

1996 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 497-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Soriano ◽  
M. Menéndez ◽  
P. Sanz ◽  
M. Repetto
Keyword(s):  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Analytical Procedure ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Simultaneous Quantification ◽  
Exposed Workers ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Time Requirements ◽  
The Difference

1 The described analytical procedure permits the simultaneous determination of the main n-hexane meta bolites in urine. 2-Hexanone, 2-hexanol, 2, 5-hexanediol and 2, 5-hexanedione, were chosen to dose the rats used in this study. All urine samples were collected and analysed on a daily basis, before and after acidic hydrolysis (pH 0.1) by GC/MS. 2-Hexanone, 2, 5-dimethylfurane, γ-valerolac tone and 2, 5-hexanedione were determined before hydro lysis ; 2-hexanol and 2, 5-hexanediol, after hydrolysis; and 5-hydroxy-2-hexanone and 4, 5-dihydroxy-2-hexanone were calculated by the difference between γ-valerolactone and 2, 5-hexanedione with and without hydrolysis, respectively. 2 A metabolic scheme was proposed reflecting the biotransformations undergone by the four compounds assayed. We consider 2, 5-dimethylfurane as a 'true metabolite' because the quantities detected were always greater before hydrolysis. 3 It has been reported that human and rat n-hexane metabolism follow a similar pattern. Therefore, as a practical application and without increasing either sample or time requirements, the simultaneous quantifi cation of the different metabolites and their excretion profile could provide better information about the metabolic situation of exposed workers than the determi nation of 2, 5-hexanedione alone. According to our experimental results, 4, 5-dihydroxy-2-hexanone itself would be a good toxicity indicator.

scholarly journals Assessment and determination of lyoprotectant for survival of freeze-dried Lactobacillus rhamnosus

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-113
Author(s):  
Zongcheng Miao ◽  
Yang Zhao ◽  
Xiaoping Huo
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fractional Factorial Design ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ◽  
Fractional Factorial ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Steepest Ascent ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Viable Bacteria

Abstract Currently research of lactic acid bacteria focus primarily on the functional probiotics, which are major beneficial biota in the gastrointestinal tract, have been industrial manufactured. Probiotics confer health benefits on the host need adequate amounts. However, the absence of data makes it difficult to ensure the maintenance biological activities and population of probiotic. In this research, a fractional factorial design and steepest ascent experiment were used to analyze the influence of lyoprotectant as carbohydrates, prebiotics and amino acids on the survival of the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus. The results indicated a maximum survival rate and population of viable bacteria of L. rhamnosus to be 55.84 % and 1.60 ×1011 CFU/g after freeze-dried by using a combination of 10 g/100mL Sucrose, 2.5 g/100mL Isomaltooligosaccharide, 12 g/100mL Hydroxyproline. To a large extent, the survival and viability were dependent on the cryoprotectant used and make probiotics more attractive from a practical application in industrial viewpoint.

Consideration of Environmentally Assisted Fatigue in Austenitic Stainless Steel: Calculation and Practical Application

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven H. Reese ◽  
Johannes Seichter ◽  
Dietmar Klucke
Keyword(s):  
Primary Circuit ◽  
Stress And Strain ◽  
Loading Conditions ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Circuit Component ◽  
Detailed Assessment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fatigue Evaluation ◽  
Assessment Procedures

The influence of LWR coolant environment to the lifetime of materials has been discussed recent years. Nowadays the consideration of environmentally assisted fatigue is under consideration in Codes and Standards like ASME and the German KTA Rules (e.g. Standard No. 3201.2 and Standard No. 3201.4) by means of so called attention thresholds. Basic calculation procedures in terms of quantifying the influence of LWR coolant environment by the Fen correction factor were proposed by Higuchi and others and are given in NUREG/CR-6909. This paper deals with the application of the proposed assessment procedures of ANL and the application to plant conditions. Therefore conservative assessment procedures are introduced without assuming the knowledge of detailed stress and strain calculations or temperature transients. Additionally, detailed assessment procedures based on Finite-Element calculations, respecting in-service temperature measurements including thermal reference transients and complex operational loading conditions are carried out. Fatigue evaluation of a PWR primary circuit component is used in order to evaluate the influence of plant like conditions numerically. Conclusions regarding the practical application are drawn by means of comparing the ANL approach considering laboratory conditions, conservative assessment procedures for the determination of cumulative fatigue usage factors of plant components and detailed assessment procedures. Plant like loading conditions, complex component geometries, loading scenarios and reference temperature transients shall be taken into account. Practical issues like the determination of the mean temperature or the strain rate have to be considered adequately.

Stereospecific analysis of triacylglycerols via racemic phosphatidylcholines and phospholipase C

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Myher ◽  
A. Kuksis
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Phospholipase C ◽  
Fatty Acid Distribution ◽  
Stereospecific Analysis ◽  
Complete Analysis ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Random Generation ◽  
Grignard Degradation

A method of simultaneous determination of stereospecific distribution and molecular association of acyl groups in triacylglycerols has been developed. The analysis is based on a random generation of rac-1, 2-diacylglycerols by Grignard degradation, synthesis of rac-phosphatidylcholines, and a stereospecific stepwise release of 1, 2-sn- and 2, 3-sn-diacylglycerols by phospholipase C. The exact structure of the original triacylglycerols is reconstituted on the basis of complete analysis of the molecular species of the 1, 2-sn- and 2, 3-sn-diacylglycerols as the tertiary-butyldimethylsilyl ethers by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. The validity of the method is demonstrated by analyses of synthetic triacylglycerols of known structure. A practical application is illustrated by determination of the fatty acid distribution in lard.

ESTIMATION OF TADALAFIL IN HUMAN PLASMA BY SPECTROFLUOROPHOTOMETRY

INDIAN DRUGS ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (06) ◽  
pp. 60-63
Author(s):  
Sadhana Rajput ◽  
◽  
Samir Patel ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Plasma ◽  
Fluorescence Spectrum ◽  
Drug Monitoring ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Wave Length ◽  
Excitation Wavelength ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Investigation ◽  
Satisfactory Recovery

A new, specific, selective, simple, rapid and inexpensive spectrofluorophotometric method has been developed for the determination of tadalafil in spiked human plasma. The fluorescence spectrum of tadalafil in 0.1M methanolic sulphuric acid showed excitation wavelength at 315 nm and emission wave-length at 332 nm. The method for tadalafil was found to be linear over the concentration range of 10-50 ng/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.9991. Limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be 0.235 ng/mL and 0.701 ng/mL, respectively. The method was validated and found to be suitable for the estimation of tadalafil from human plasma. Satisfactory recovery of tadalafil from the human plasma suggests no interference of any debris present into human plasma. This method can be used to deter-mine plasma tadalafil concentration in drug monitoring or pharmacokinetic investigation.

Caracterización de la roca mediante propiedades físicas y su relación con la resistencia a la compresión simple

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 5081-5093
Author(s):  
Patricio Feijoo Calle ◽  
Elizabeth Brito Verdezoto
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Unconfined Compressive Strength ◽  
Approximate Determination ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Calculation Methodology

En este trabajo se propone una metodología sencilla y de aplicación práctica en campo para la determinación aproximada de la Resistencia a la Compresión Simple (RCS) en rocas, propiedad o característica que es importante en minería, ya que mediante la misma, se ejecutan análisis para la valoración de factores de seguridad y estabilidad y/o posibles sistemas de fortificación en las obras o estructuras mineras, a más de que la caracterización de la RCS es también influyente en el uso de explosivos para la explotación o extracción de materiales de una cantera o mina. Esta estimación se la propone en base a la determinación de las siguientes tres propiedades de la roca, que en esta investigación las denominamos densidad, porosidad y absorción “en mina”. Estas propiedades físicas se las puede obtener de una forma simple, pero metódica y en este trabajo se han ejecutado ensayos sobre un mismo material o roca proveniente de la zona de Cojitambo, provincia del Cañar (Ecuador) y sobre una base de 60 muestras o probetas. Los resultados obtenidos permiten una correlación entre las propiedades antes descritas y la RCS, a más que se ha estructurado una metodología de cálculo para el objetivo planteado.   This work proposes a simple methodology and practical application in the field for the approximate determination of the Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) in rocks, property or characteristic that is important in mining, since through it analyzes are carried out to the assessment of security and stability factors and/or possible fortification systems in the works or mining structures, in addition to the characterization of the UCS is also influential in the use of explosives for the exploitation or extraction of materials from a quarry or mine. This estimate is proposed based on the determination of the following three properties of the rock, which in this investigation we call density, porosity and absorption “in mine”. These physical properties can be obtained in a simple, but methodical way and in this work, tests have been carried out on the same material or rock from the Cojitambo area, Cañar province (Ecuador) and on the basis of 60 samples or test tubes. The results obtained allow a correlation between the properties described above and the UCS, in addition to a calculation methodology for the proposed objective.

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