scholarly journals Measurements of the amount of ozone in the Earth’s atmosphere arid its relation to other geophysical conditions.— part II

1927 ◽  
Vol 114 (768) ◽  
pp. 521-541 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Distribution ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
General Type ◽  
Upper Atmosphere ◽  
Earth’S Atmosphere ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure Distribution ◽  
Earth's Atmosphere

In a previous paper we have described in detail the method of measuring the total quantity of ozone in the earth’s atmosphere above any locality. Results of measurements made on about 200 days at Oxford in 1925 were also discussed, and it was shown that there was a marked connection between the amount of ozone and the general type of atmospheric pressure distribution, the amount being larger in cyclonic, and smaller in anticyclonic, conditions. As there is evidence that the ozone is entirely in the upper atmosphere, it was obviously desirable to investigate this connection further, and to see if it would throw any light on these meteorological phenomena.

Meteorological Measurements in the Upper Atmosphere

1961 ◽  
Vol 65 (608) ◽  
pp. 532-536
Author(s):  
G. D. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Upper Atmosphere ◽  
Earth’S Atmosphere ◽  
Earth's Atmosphere ◽  
Considerable Body

It should not be necessary to explain the presence of a meteorologist at a symposium on any aspect of upper atmosphere research. Meteorologists understand their science to comprise the dynamics, thermodynamics and chemistry of atmospheres, wherever atmospheres occur. They are happy to have the facilities for observation and even experiment in the higher layers of the earth's atmosphere which rocket and satellite vehicles begin to provide, but can point to a considerable body of existing knowledge obtained by other means.

1. What is special about Earth’s atmosphere?

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Paul I. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Middle Atmosphere ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Upper Atmosphere ◽  
Lower Atmosphere ◽  
Earth’S Atmosphere ◽  
Relative Proximity ◽  
Earth's Atmosphere ◽  
Different Characteristics

‘What is special about Earth’s atmosphere?’ describes the several interconnected layers that make up Earth’s atmosphere before considering the atmospheres of other planets. Each layer has different characteristics determined by the density of air and their relative proximity to Earth’s surface and outer space. The lower atmosphere consists of the troposphere, which extends from the surface to the tropopause at 10–15 km. The middle atmosphere is comprised of the stratosphere, extending to the stratopause at 50 km, and the mesosphere that stretches to the mesopause at 100 km. Above this is the upper atmosphere divided into the thermosphere, which takes us to 500–1,000 km, and the exosphere, which extends to the near vacuum of outer space.

III—The Meteorological Limitations on Pressure Pattern Flying

1948 ◽  
Vol 1 (01) ◽  
pp. 55-61
Author(s):  
J. S. Sawyer
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Distribution ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Geostrophic Wind ◽  
Pressure Pattern ◽  
Low Latitudes ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure Distribution

The preceding papers indicate that the theory of pressure pattern flying assumes that the wind satisfies the conditions imposed by the geostrophic wind equation and that the atmospheric pressure distribution is not changing. These conditions are not satisfied in the atmosphere, and the errors caused by their non-fulfilment are discussed in the following paragraphs.Effect of departures of wind from geostrophic. The geostrophic wind equation is derived on the assumption that the wind blows uniformly without acceleration and without friction. These conditions are never satisfied in the atmosphere, nevertheless the practising meteorologist has found that the geostrophic wind represents a useful approximation to the true wind. There are certain exceptions of which the most important are in low latitudes and at levels below 2000 feet.

scholarly journals Daedalus: A Low-Flying Spacecraft for the Exploration of the Lower Thermosphere - Ionosphere

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodoros E. Sarris ◽  
Elsayed R. Talaat ◽  
Minna Palmroth ◽  
Iannis Dandouras ◽  
Errico Armandillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Thermosphere ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Upper Atmosphere ◽  
Mission Design ◽  
Earth’S Atmosphere ◽  
Ion Drift ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Electric And Magnetic Fields ◽  
Precipitation Estimates ◽  
Earth's Atmosphere

Abstract. The Daedalus mission has been proposed to the European Space Agency (ESA) in response to the call for ideas for the Earth Observation programme's 10th Earth Explorer. It was selected in 2018 as one of three candidates for a Phase-0 feasibility study. The goal of the mission is to quantify the key electrodynamic processes that determine the structure and composition of the upper atmosphere, the gateway between the Earth’s atmosphere and space. An innovative preliminary mission design allows Daedalus to access electrodynamics processes down to altitudes of 150 km and below. Daedalus will perform in-situ measurements of plasma density and temperature, ion drift, neutral density and wind, ion and neutral composition, electric and magnetic fields and precipitating particles. These measurements will unambiguously quantify the amount of energy deposited in the upper atmosphere during active and quiet geomagnetic times via Joule heating and energetic particle precipitation, estimates of which currently vary by orders of magnitude between models. An innovation of the Daedalus preliminary mission concept is that it includes the release of sub-satellites at low altitudes: combined with the main spacecraft, these sub-satellites will provide multi-point measurements throughout the Lower Thermosphere-Ionosphere region, down to altitudes below 120 km, in the heart of the most under-explored region in the Earth's atmosphere. This paper describes Daedalus as originally proposed to ESA.

scholarly journals Thermal radiation and absorption in the upper atmosphere

1937 ◽  
Vol 163 (913) ◽  
pp. 228-249 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Thermal Radiation ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Upper Atmosphere ◽  
Earth’S Atmosphere ◽  
Earth's Atmosphere

In a recent paper, Martyn and Pulley (1936), from a study of radio and other observations, reached certain conclusions regarding the temperatures and constituents of the upper atmosphere. It is one of the objects of the present paper to examine whether the temperatures found by these authors are compatible with their assumption that solar radiation is the causal agency. Much the greatest part of the solar radiation absorbed in the earth’s atmosphere is in the ultra-violet region of the spectrum, and there is little doubt that this radiation is responsible for most of the ionization, excitation and dissociation known to exist in the gases of the high atmosphere. There is also little doubt that most of the energy so absorbed must be speedily degraded into thermal energy of molecular agitation.

scholarly journals Some measurements of the reflexion coefficient of the ionosphere for wireless waves

1936 ◽  
Vol 153 (880) ◽  
pp. 639-660 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Upper Atmosphere ◽  
Relative Amplitude ◽  
Total Absorption ◽  
Earth’S Atmosphere ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Atmospheric Wave ◽  
Reflexion Coefficient ◽  
Upward Direction ◽  
Earth's Atmosphere ◽  
The Waves

The first measurements of the attenuation of wireless waves in the ionized regions of the upper atmosphere were made by Appleton and Ratcliffe in 1930. The results of their measurements were expressed in terms of the "reflexion coefficient" of the reflecting region, this coefficient being so defined as to be a measure of the total absorption suffered by the atmospheric wave in its passage from the sender to the receiver. It was pointed out that in order to estimate the reflexion coefficient it is necessary to know (l) the intensity of the waves starting out in an upward direction from the transmitting station towards the ionized regions, and (2) the intensity of the waves coming down to the ground after deviation by the region. The intensity of the waves at the receiver may readily be found, but it is much more difficult to measure the intensity of the waves leaving the sender. In the experiments of Appleton and Ratcliffe, the calculated value of the latter factor was used. In recent papers by one of us an account has been given of measurements of the amplitude of wireless waves retracted by the ionized regions of the earth's atmosphere. In these papers the development of the Breit and Tuve method for this purpose has been described and its advantages emphasized. The chief advantage of the method is that the waves which have been once reflected by the ionized regions may be received separated from those which have been more than once rejected between the ionized regions and the surface of the earth, thus permitting the reflexion coefficient to be directly calculated from the relative amplitude of these waves. Since, however, it is not always possible to observe double reflexions it is desirable to calibrate the apparatus so that the reflexion coefficient may be calculated from the amplitude of the first reflexion. A method of doing this is described in this paper.

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