Penetration of COVID-19 Related Terminology into Legal, Medical, and Journalistic Discourses

March 2020 has become a moment of change in communication mode and quality. Previously, the media paid attention to the current affairs, however, never earlier the journalistic discourse has been so influentially affected by the ongoing phenomenon as in the case of COVID-19. Almost overnight the new terminological phenomena with specific legal or medical reference were introduced into everyday language mainly via mass media and become an important part of a pandemic related narration. The strong influence on the shape of the mentioned linguistic changes has mainly the adoption of new legal regulations due to the unexpected outbreak of the pandemic. The aim of the following paper is to investigate how COVID-19 pandemic affected the specialisation of the journalistic discourse and how different domains (law, medicine) are being influenced by new terminology and in other way round, how for example law and medicine influence new “COVID language”. In order to take the interdisciplinary nature of the issue into account, the degree of hybridity of the selected texts will be examined by means of selected material analysis. The methodology applied in the paper uses an empirical approach and comparative analysis. The material used for the analysis comes from the selected Polish quality and boulevard press. The paper concerns the linguistic influence of the “invisible enemy” on the language presented in press. The main findings reveal the intense use of neologisms, borrowings, and it shows that the discourse was changed linguistically thanks to Student’s t-test.

Natural language processing in psychiatry: the promises and perils of a transformative approach

A person's everyday language can indicate patterns of thought and emotion predictive of mental illness. Here, we discuss how natural language processing methods can be used to extract indicators of mental health from language to help address long-standing problems in psychiatry, along with the potential hazards of this new technology.

Cognitive Interview

Cognitive interviewing helps to bring back the original meaning of pilotage in a case study. Cognitive processes in an interview start with the interpretation of the question and its constituent terms, include the stage of forming an opinion and developing a judgment about it, and ends with editing the answer. The objectives of the cognitive interview are to explore the concepts, words and concepts of everyday language; pull out meanings, associations and emotions associated with the subject of research; detect barriers blocking the respondent's presentation of his position; assess confidence in your opinion, as well as the willingness to correct your point of view; to form their understanding of the "ordinary theory" of the studied phenomenon, etc. For each task, you can build an original strategy for a cognitive interview, but it is important to understand what we are studying, what the result should be and what the research team will do with it.

Implicitness, Logical Form and Arguments

In the paper I suggest that a loose notion of logical form can be a useful tool for the understanding or evaluation of everyday language and the explicit and implicit content of communication. Reconciling ordinary language and logic provides formal guidelines for rational communication, giving strength and order to ordinary communication and content to logical schemas. The starting point of the paper is the idea that the bearers of logical form are not natural language sentences, but what we communicate with them, that is, their content in a particular context. On the basis of that idea, I propose that we can ascribe logical proprieties to what is communicated using ordinary language and suggest a continuum between semantic phenomena such as explicatures and pragmatic communicational strategies such as (particularized) conversational implicatures, which challenges the idea that an implicatum is completely separate from what is said. I believe that this continuum can be best explained by the notion of logical form, taken as a propriety of sentences relative to particular interpretations.

Metaphors and the Degree of Conventionality in Translation of Prose Fiction: A Fraction of the Whole in Focus

The idea of metaphor classification is regarded as how felicitously they are entrenched in everyday language spoken by ordinary people. Metaphor conventionality can be regarded as a scale whose opposite ends constitute conventional and creative metaphors. Logic indicates that the majority of linguistic metaphors are well-worn and conventional rather than novel, since an excess of novel metaphors may remarkably bring about “communicative surprise” (Rabadán Álvarez, 1991) thus increase cognitive processing time and even hinder perceiving. Metaphorical creativity, as the other extreme of the scale of conventionality, can be looked at as the use of conceptual metaphors and/ or their linguistic manifestations that are creative or novel. This study seeks to scrutinize the scale of conventionality in the Persian translation of A Fraction of the Whole. MIP known as Metaphor Identification Procedure put forward by the Pragglejaz Group (2007) was employed in the study to identify metaphors. The findings reveal that, sometimes, the metaphors used in L1 are novel or creative, but the translator draws upon conventional or entrenched ones in L2, or vice versa. The aim is to show the translator's choice of metaphor in terms of a conventionality scale using some previous cognitive models in this regard.

Feminativi v frazemih slovenskega jezika

Feminine Forms Derived from Masculine Nouns in Slovenian IdiomsThis article deals with feminine forms derived from masculine nouns in Slovenian idioms, collected in different dictionaries of Slovenian idioms. Examining the Gigafida 2.0 corpus indicates that the use of such idioms or parts thereof in everyday language is fairly widespread, and the examples are chosen to indicate the possible variety of these elements. We also noticed that a woman as a social being is still neglected. Some examples from Gigafida 2.0 corpus express an explicit negative connotation. Derywaty żeńskie od rzeczowników rodzaju męskiego w słoweńskich idiomachW artykule poddano analizie formy żeńskie derywowane od rzeczowników rodzaju męskiego występujących w słoweńskich idiomach, potwierdzonych w opracowaniach leksykograficznych języka słoweńskiego. Analiza materiału pozyskanego z korpusu Gigafida 2.0 pokazuje, że użycie idiomów tego typu lub ich fragmentów jest w języku potocznym stosunkowo częste. Materiał przykładowy ma również na celu wskazanie różnorodności ich występowania. Badania ujawniają wciąż jeszcze niższą pozycję społeczną kobiet, a niektóre przykłady z formami żeńskimi z korpusu Gigafida 2.0 wykazują wyraźnie negatywne konotacje.

Hyperbole in English and Arabic Selected Poems: A Contrastive Study

Hyperbole is one of the most important figurative devices that are used in most languages, it can be found in literary works whether they are spoken or written. its main purpose is to exaggerate point of views, emotion, feelings, attitudes and thoughts by the author or even the speakers, since it can be found in everyday language of various speech communities. This study investigates hyperbole in order to figure out the way in which it is involved in poetry, also the study aims to show the definitions, uses, ways in which hyperbole is used as well as to search what are the purposes behind using this device. The study shows different views and strategies concerning hyperbole in English and Arabic, then it analyses the occurrences of hyperbole within the selected data which is four poems in two different languages, English and Arabic.

ALGORITMA DAN BAHASA PEMPROGRAMAN

An algorithm is a logical step or sequence in making a decision to solve a problem. Algorithms can be written in many ways, such as using everyday language, flow charts and even using programming languages such as C or C++. And in the algorithm there is also a Flowchart which means an image or graph of the steps that must be followed to make it easier to solve the problem. Programming languages cannot be separated from data types, if/else, arrays because these have an important role for beginners or those who want to know about programming languages. Writing scientific articles can make it easier for readers to know about algorithms and programming languages.

Algoritma pemrograman

An algorithm is a logical step or sequence in making a decision to solve a problem. Algorithms can be written in many ways, such as using everyday language, flow charts and even using programming languages such as C or C++. And in the algorithm there is also a Flowchart which means an image or graph of the steps that must be followed to make it easier to solve the problem. Programming languages cannot be separated from data types, if/else, arrays because these have an important role for beginners or those who want to know about programming languages. Writing scientific articles can make it easier for readers to know about algorithms and programming languages. Keywords: algorithm, algorithm and programming, programming language, data type, writing algorithm

Complex concepts with varying connotations: In search for conceptual definitions

One of the fundamental challenges for sociology is the interpretation of its key terms, which is determined by the fact that many words of everyday language and scientific discourse are the same despite implying a much higher level of generalization as sociological categories. Certainly, such challenges are more typical for the empirical research - when sociologists turn their theoretical concepts into sets of empirical indicators which have to be clear enough for the respondent to understand and answer the questionnaire and for the sociologist to interpret these answers correctly. Nevertheless, the lack of generally recognized conceptual definitions is no less important, because the general picture of social reality is necessarily made of them (the society is described as either fair, consisting of trustworthy institutions that provide opportunities for being happy, or in the opposite statements). The article presents a possible reconstruction of the strategy that sociologists use in the search for conceptual definitions for such complex concepts with varying connotations as love, happiness, trust and justice. This strategy consists of two steps: focus on the macro-sociological dimension of the phenomena under study as determining its various manifestations and everyday interpretations (the key step in the study of love and happiness); and identification of objective and subjective indicators of the phenomenon under study (the key step in the study of trust and justice). For instance, in the study of love and happiness, there is the obvious micro-sociological perspective that implies personal responsibility for being happy and loved, and the hidden macro-sociological perspective that implies social standards for identifying and achieving love and happiness; trust is defined as a source of social order, cooperation, institutional, organizational and everyday interactions, which reduces the level of uncertainty; in the searches for the conceptual definition of justice, there are two main approaches - the first approach considers justice as one of many grounds for developing some theoretical model; the second approach reconstructs justice either as an ideal political-philosophical model of social order or as a means of the comparative analysis of its practical implementations.