On the e. p. r. spectrum of vibrationally excited hydroxyl radicals

1973 ◽  
Vol 331 (1587) ◽  
pp. 553-560 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Hydroxyl Radicals ◽  
Diagonal Matrix ◽  
Matrix Elements ◽  
Vibrationally Excited

Recent results by Clough, Curran & Thrush (1971) have suggested that Van Vleck’s concept of 'pure precession’ breaks down in the X 2 II 3/2 state of OH, and in order to explain the gas phase e. p. r. spectrum interactions with several states have to be included. In their work, they have assumed that the off-diagonal matrix elements of B are proportional to overlap between the vibrational wavefunctions of the interacting states. Results from R. K. R. curves suggest that this is not the case. Using theoretical wavefunctions, we calculate ∧ -doubling constants and ∆ g J factors for the v " = 0 to 4 levels of the X 2 II 3/2 . state assuming interaction with A 2 Ʃ + alone. Agreement with experiment is found to be good and it is concluded that pure precession does hold for this molecule.

The e.p.r. spectrum of vibrationally excited hydroxyl radicals

1971 ◽  
Vol 323 (1555) ◽  
pp. 541-554 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Hydroxyl Radicals ◽  
Hyperfine Coupling ◽  
Vibrational Energy ◽  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
Coupling Constants ◽  
Hydrogen Atoms ◽  
Vibrationally Excited ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Van Vleck

The e. p. r. spectrum of vibrationally excited hydroxyl radicals in levels v = 1, 2, 3 and 4 of the 2 II 3/2 ground state has been observed in the reaction between hydrogen atoms and ozone in the gas phase. Although the variation of ∧ -doubling with vibrational energy superficially agrees well with the ‘pure precession’ model of Van Vleck, there is clear evidence that the matrix element <II│ L y │ ∑> decreases considerably with increasing internuclear distance. The form of the decrease in the hyperfine coupling constants with increasing vibrational energy agrees well with that deduced from Kayama’s theoretical calculations.

INVESTIGATION COMPARISON ON THE GATE SPEED OF THREE-LEVEL AND TWO-LEVEL QUANTUM NOT GATES WITH ASYMMETRIC POTENTIAL OF rf-SQUID

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (19) ◽  
pp. 1261-1270 ◽  
Author(s):  
YING-HUA JI ◽  
JU-JU HU ◽  
SHI-HUA CAI
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Pulse ◽  
Diagonal Matrix ◽  
Matrix Elements ◽  
The Asymmetry ◽  
Rf Squid ◽  
Double Well Potential

We investigate the relation between the speed of quantum NOT gate and the asymmetry or detuning of the potential in system of the interaction of a two-level rf-SQUID qubit with a classical microwave pulse. The rf-SQUID is characterized by an asymmetric double well potential that gives rise to diagonal matrix elements. Then in resonance, we compare the gate speeds for three-level and two-level quantum NOT gates. We show that in general, a three-level gate is much faster than the conventional two-level gate.

The Dielectric Discharge as an Efficient Generator of Active Nitrogen for Chemiluminescence and Analysis

1983 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 545-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Kishman ◽  
Eric Barish ◽  
Ralph Allen
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Ground State ◽  
Band System ◽  
Electrothermal Atomization ◽  
Characteristic Radiation ◽  
Gaseous Species ◽  
Vibrationally Excited ◽  
Active Nitrogen ◽  
Excited Species ◽  
Intense Emission

A predominantly blue “active nitrogen” afterglow was generated in pure flowing nitrogen or in air by using a dielectric discharge at pressures from 1 to 20 Torr. The afterglow contains triplet state molecules and vibrationally excited ground state molecules. These species are produced directly by electron impact without the formation and recombination of nitrogen atoms. The most intense emission is the N2 second positive band system. The N2 first positive and N2+ first negative systems are also observed. The spectral and electrical properties of this discharge are discussed in order to establish guidelines for the analytical use of the afterglow for chemiluminescence reactions. The metastatic nitrogen efficiently transfers its energy to atomic and molecular species which are introduced into the gas phase and these excited species emit characteristic radiation. The effects of electrothermal atomization of Zn and the introduction of gaseous species (e.g., NO) on the afterglow are described.

Broadband EM radiation amplification by means of a monochromatically driven two-level system

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (04) ◽  
pp. 1750027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey V. Soldatov
Keyword(s):  
Dipole Moment ◽  
Quantum System ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Laser Field ◽  
Diagonal Matrix ◽  
Matrix Elements ◽  
Level System ◽  
Dipole Moment Operator ◽  
Moment Operator ◽  
Radiation Amplification

It is shown that a two-level quantum system possessing dipole moment operator with permanent non-equal diagonal matrix elements and driven by external semiclassical monochromatic high-frequency electromagnetic (EM) (laser) field can amplify EM radiation waves of much lower frequency.

Key Role of Equilibrium HONO Concentration over the Soil 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fengxia Bao ◽  
Hang Su ◽  
Uwe Kuhn ◽  
Yafang Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Hydroxyl Radicals ◽  
Nitrous Acid ◽  
Measurement Method ◽  
Oxidative Capacity ◽  
Sources And Sinks ◽  
Dynamic Chamber ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Actinic Radiation

&lt;p&gt;Nitrous acid (HONO) is an important component of the nitrogen cycle. HONO can also be rapidly photolyzed by actinic radiation to form hydroxyl radicals (OH) and exerts a primary influence on the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere. The sources and sinks of HONO, however, are not fully understood. Soil nitrite, produced via nitrification or denitrification, is an important source for the atmospheric HONO production. [HONO]*, the equilibrium gas phase HONO concentration over the soil,&amp;#160;has been suggested as key to understanding the environmental effects of soil fluxes of HONO (Su et al., 2011). But if and how [HONO]* may exist and vary remains an open question. In this project, a measurement method using a dynamic chamber has been developed to derive [HONO]* and the atmospheric soil fluxes of HONO can accordingly be quantified. We demonstrate the existence of [HONO]* and determine its variation in the course of soil drying processes. We show that when [HONO]* is higher than the atmospheric HONO concentration, HONO will be released from soil; otherwise, HONO will be deposited on soil. This work advances the understanding of soil HONO emissions, and the evaluation of its impact on the atmospheric oxidizing capacity and the nitrogen cycling.&lt;/p&gt;

On Extending the Trace as a Linear Functional, II

1980 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 1288-1298
Author(s):  
George A. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Positive Operator ◽  
Selfadjoint Operator ◽  
Linear Functional ◽  
Orthonormal Basis ◽  
Unitary Operator ◽  
Trace Class ◽  
Diagonal Matrix ◽  
Matrix Elements ◽  
Von Neumann ◽  
The Difference

A positive bounded selfadjoint operator is in the trace class of von Neumann and Schatten ([4]) if the sum of its diagonal matrix elements with respect to some orthonormal basis is finite, and the trace is then defined to be this sum, which is independent of the basis. A bounded selfadjoint but not necessarily positive operator x is in the trace class if in the decomposition x = x+ – x−, with x+ and x− positive and x+x− = 0, both x+ and x−are in the trace class; the trace of x is then defined to be the difference of the finite traces of x+ and x−. The trace defined in this way is a linear functional on the trace class, and is unitarily invariant; if u is a unitary operator, the trace of uxu−1 is the same as the trace of x.

The gas phase reactions of hydroxyl radicals with a series of aliphatic ethers over the temperature range 240-440 K

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Wallington ◽  
Renzhang Liu ◽  
Philippe Dagaut ◽  
Michael J. Kurylo
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Hydroxyl Radicals ◽  
Gas Phase Reactions ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Aliphatic Ethers
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