scholarly journals Some effects of high air temperatures and muscular exertion upon colliers

1923 ◽  
Vol 95 (666) ◽  
pp. 181-200 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
The Other ◽  
Research Student ◽  
Muscular Exertion ◽  
Temperature Conditions ◽  
Air Temperatures

This paper deals with the work undertaken by the author while he was Tyndall Research Student of the Royal Society. The investigations fall under the following four distinct headings:— 1. The Food Consumption of Colliers and its relation to Underground temperature conditions. 2. Respiratory Exchange of a Collier during work. 3. Relation of High Temperatures and Work to Sweating. 4. Miners’ Cramp. Each branch of investigation is related to underground temperature conditions, and has in consequence a bearing upon each of the other sections.

Sexual behaviour and semen characteristics of boars: effects of high temperature

1981 ◽  
Vol 21 (108) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
CG Winfield ◽  
PH Hemsworth ◽  
DB Galloway ◽  
AW Makin
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Sexual Behaviour ◽  
The Other ◽  
Temperature Cycle ◽  
Large White ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Semen Characteristics ◽  
Hot Weather ◽  
Copulatory Behaviour

The effect of 4,7 or 10-day periods of high air temperatures on the sexual behaviour and semen characteristics of mature Large White crossbred boars was determined in three experiments. In experiment 1, boars kept at 40�C for 8 hours and 30�C for 16 hours each day for 7 days had lower courting behaviour activity when tested at 40�C than control boars tested at <25�C. After similar heat treatment in experiment 2, boars tested at 30�C showed no significant differences in courting or copulatory behaviour from control boars, but the semen of two of six treated boars showed evidence of severe testicular- epididymal dysfunction. The semen of a third treated boar showed evidence of moderate testicular-epididymal dysfunction. In experiment 3, four boars were given a similar daily high temperature cycle to the above, either for 4 or 10 days. Two of the four boars given high temperatures for 10 days had semen with signs of severe testicular-epididymal dysfunction. The semen of the other two boars in this group, and one boar treated for 4 days, showed evidence of moderate dysfunction. It was concluded that during hot weather boars will mate normally during the cooler part of the day, and that they are able to tolerate short periods of heat stress (< 4 days) without detriment to semen characteristics. Protection from longer periods of high temperatures ( > 7 days) is necessary.

scholarly journals Description of a new barometer, recently fixed up in the apart­ments of the Royal Society; with remarks on the mode hitherto pursued at various periods, and an account of that which is now adopted, for correcting the observed height of the mercury in the society’s barometer

1843 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chemical Effect ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The One ◽  
And Control ◽  
Usual Scale

The barometer, here alluded to, may in some measure be consi­dered as two separate and independent barometers, inasmuch as it is formed of two distinct tubes dipping into one and the same cistern of mercury. One of these tubes is made of flint glass, and the other of crown glass, with a view to ascertain whether, at the end of any given period, the one may have had any greater chemical effect on the mercury than the other, and thus affected the results. A brass rod, to which the scale is attached, passes through the framework, between the two tubes, and is thus common to both : one end of which is furnished with a fine agate point, which, by means of a rack and pinion moving the whole rod, may be brought just to touch the surface of the mercury in the cistern, the slightest contact with which is immediately discernible; and the other end of which bears the usual scale of inches, tenths, &c.; and there is a separate vernier for each tube. A small thermometer, the bulb of which dips into the mercury in the cistern, is inserted at the bottom : and an eye­piece is also there fixed, so that the agate point can be viewed with more distinctness and accuracy. The whole instrument is made to turn round in azimuth, in order to verify the perpendicularity of the tubes and the scale. It is evident that there are many advantages attending this mode of construction, which are not to be found in the barometers as usu­ally formed for general use in this country. The absolute heights are more correctly and more satisfactorily determined ; and the per­manency of true action is more effectually noticed and secured. For, every part is under the inspection and control of the observer; and any derangement or imperfection in either of the tubes is imme­diately detected on comparison with the other. And, considering the care that has been taken in filling the tubes, and setting off the scale, it may justly be considered as a standard barometer . The pre­sent volume of the Philosophical Transactions will contain the first register of the observations that have been made with this instru­ment.

scholarly journals On the fluorescence and channelled absorption of bismuth at high temperatures

1925 ◽  
Vol 107 (744) ◽  
pp. 760-762 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Absorption Spectra ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Visible Region ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
Orange Yellow ◽  
Fluorescent Radiation ◽  
Absorption Chamber

In a paper recently communicated to the Royal Society, experiments dealing with the absorption spectra of several metals were described, in which it was found that bismuth vapour shows both lines and bands in absorption. The banded spectrum consists of three groups of bands, each group consisting of a number of bands degraded towards the red, the group of bands in the visible region appearing at high temperatures. In the above experiments it was hoped that by raising the temperature of the absorption chamber sufficiently high, and raising the absorption in the lines of the several bands, it might be possible to detect a fine structure in some of these bands. Accordingly, the author modified the furnace previously used so as to blow through it a larger quantity of compressed air, and succeeded finally by using coke and this furnace to obtain a temperature of about 1500°C. to 1600°C. At this temperature the vapour emitted a fluorescent radiation orange yellow in colour.

Robert Hooke: A fractographic study of Kettering–stone

1997 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Hull
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
The Other ◽  
Microscopical Observation ◽  
Robert Hooke ◽  
Fractographic Study

Observ. XV. illustrated by Schem. IX. Figur:1 (figure 1 of this paper) in Robert Hooke's Micrographia (1665)1 is a description of Kettering–stone ‘which is brought from Kettering in Northampton–shire, and digg’d out of a Quarry, as I am inform'd’. As Curator of Experiments for the Royal Society from 1662, Hooke was charged by the Society to bring in at every meeting one microscopical observation at least. The minutes of the Society2 record that on 15 April 1663 ‘Mr Hooke showed the Company two Microscopicall Schemas; one representing the Pores of Cork … the other a Kettering Stone, appearing to be composed of Globules; and those hollow ones, each having 3 Coatings, sticking to one another, and so making up one entire firm stone’.

scholarly journals Study on Impact Damage and Energy Dissipation of Coal Rock Exposed to High Temperatures

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tu-bing Yin ◽  
Kang Peng ◽  
Liang Wang ◽  
Pin Wang ◽  
Xu-yan Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar ◽  
Impact Damage ◽  
Time History ◽  
Hopkinson Pressure Bar ◽  
Absorbed Energy ◽  
Failure Patterns ◽  
Temperature Conditions ◽  
Coal Rock

The dynamic failure characteristics of coal rock exposed to high temperatures were studied by using a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system. The relationship between energy and time history under different temperature conditions was obtained. The energy evolution and the failure modes of specimens were analyzed. Results are as follows: during the test, more than 60% of the incident energy was not involved in the breaking of the sample, while it was reflected back. With the increase of temperature, the reflected energy increased continuously; transmitted and absorbed energy showed an opposite variation. At the temperature of 25 to 100°C, the absorbed energy was less than that transmitted, while this phenomenon was opposite after 100°C. The values of specific energy absorption (SEA) were distributed at 0.04 to 0.1 J·cm−3, and its evolution with temperature could be divided into four different stages. Under different temperature conditions, the failure modes and the broken blocks of the samples were obviously different, combining with the variation of microstructure characteristics of coal at high temperatures; the physical mechanism of damage and failure patterns of coal rock are explained from the viewpoint of energy.

scholarly journals V. A letter on a canal in the medulla spinalis of some quadrupeds

1809 ◽  
Vol 99 ◽  
pp. 146-147
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Human Subject ◽  
Cauda Equina ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Stream ◽  
Spinal Marrow ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Contrary Direction

Sir, According to your request, I send you an account of the facts I have ascertained, respecting a canal I discovered in the year 1803, in the medulla spinalis of the horse, bullock, sheep, hog, and dog; and should it appear to you deserving of being laid before the Royal Society, I shall feel myself particularly obliged, by having so great an honour conferred upon me. Upon tracing the sixth ventricle of the brain, which corresponds to the fourth in the human subject, to its apparent termination, the calamus scriptorius, I perceived the appearance of a canal, continuing by a direct course into the centre of the spinal marrow. To ascertain with accuracy whether such structure existed throughout its whole length, I made sections of the spinal marrow at different distances from the brain, and found that each divided portion exhibited an orifice with a diameter sufficient to admit a large sized pin; from which a small quantity of transparent colourless fluid issued, like that contained in the ventricles of the brain. The canal is lined by a membrane resembling the tunica arachnoidea, and is situated above the fissure of the medulla, being separated by a medullary layer: it is most easily distinguished where the large nerves are given off in the bend of the neck and sacrum, imperceptibly terminating in the cauda equina. Having satisfactorily ascertained its existence through the whole length of the spinal marrow, my next object was to discover whether it was a continued tube from one extremity to the other: this was most decidedly proved, by dividing the spinal marrow through the middle, and pouring mercury into the orifice where the canal was cut across, it passed in a small stream, with equal facility towards the brain (into which it entered), or in a contrary direction to where the spinal marrow terminates.

XXIII. On the water-barometer erected in the hall of the Royal Society

1832 ◽  
Vol 122 ◽  
pp. 539-574 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Physical Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
Metallic Tube ◽  
French Academy ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Made In

I have for some time entertained an opinion, in common with some others who have turned their attention tot he subject, that a good series of observations with a Water-Barometer, accurately constructed, might throw some light upon several important points of physical science: amongst others, upon the tides of the atmosphere; the horary oscillations of the counterpoising column; the ascending and descending rate of its greater oscillations; and the tension of vapour at different atmospheric temperatures. I have sought in vain in various scientific works, and in the Transactions of Philosophical Societies, for the record of any such observations, or for a description of an instrument calculated to afford the required information with anything approaching to precision. In the first volume of the History of the French Academy of Sciences, a cursory reference is made, in the following words, to some experiments of M. Mariotte upon the subject, of which no particulars appear to have been preserved. “Le même M. Mariotte fit aussi à l’observatoire des experiences sur le baromètre ordinaire à mercure comparé au baromètre à eau. Dans l’un le mercure s’eléva à 28 polices, et dans Fautre l’eau fut a 31 pieds Cequi donne le rapport du mercure à l’eau de 13½ à 1.” Histoire de I'Acadérmie, tom. i. p. 234. It also appears that Otto Guricke constructed a philosophical toy for the amusement of himself and friends, upon the principle of the water-barometer; but the column of water probably in this, as in all the other instances which I have met with, was raised by the imperfect rarefaction of the air in the tube above it, or by filling with water a metallic tube, of sufficient length, cemented to a glass one at its upper extremity, and fitted with a stop-cock at each end; so that when full the upper one might be closed and the lower opened, when the water would fall till it afforded an equipoise to the pressure of the atmo­sphere. The imperfections of such an instrument, it is quite clear, would render it totally unfit for the delicate investigations required in the present state of science; as, to render the observations of any value, it is absolutely necessary that the water should be thoroughly purged of air, by boiling, and its insinuation or reabsorption effectually guarded against. I was convinced that the only chance of securing these two necessary ends, was to form the whole length of tube of one piece of glass, and to boil the water in it, as is done with mercury in the common barometer. The practical difficulties which opposed themselves to such a construction long appeared to me insurmount­able; but I at length contrived a plan for the purpose, which, having been honoured with the approval of the late Meteorological Committee of this Society, was ordered to be carried into execution by the President and Council.

SOME LETHAL TEMPERATURE RELATIONS OF TWO MINNOWS OF THE GENUS CHROSOMUS

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert V. Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Shock ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lethal Temperature ◽  
Lethal Temperatures ◽  
Equal Temperature

The resistance and tolerance of Chrosomus eos and Chrosomus neogaeus to high temperatures were examined. Tests were conducted with C. neogaeus in winter and with C. eos in winter and summer. For both species, death at high temperatures could be separated into three lethal patterns or "effects". The first effect seemed to be associated, at least in part, with thermal shock. Factors generating the other effects were not apparent.Both species showed about the same degree of tolerance and resistance to high temperatures when they were acclimated to 15 °C or higher. At 9 °C, C. eos was less tolerant to high lethal temperatures than was C. neogaeus.When equal temperature acclimations were compared, C. eos was more resistant to high lethal temperatures in summer than in winter.

scholarly journals II. Compounds isomeric with the sulphocyanic ethers.—I. On the mustard oil of the ethyl series

1868 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 254-258
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mustard Oil ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Derivatives Of

The results of my researches on the chloroform-derivatives of the primary monamines, which, as I have shown, are isomeric with the nitriles, could not fail to direct my attention to allied groups of bodies, with the view of discovering similar isomerisms. In a note communicated to the Royal Society some months ago, I expressed the expectations which even then appeared to be justified in the following manner:—“In conclusion, I may be permitted to announce as everv probable the existence of a series of bodies isomeric with the sulphocyanides. Already M. Cloëz has shown that the action of chloride of cyanogen on ethylate of potassium gives rise to the formation of an ethylic cyanate possessing properties absolutely different from those belonging to the cyanate discovered by M. Wurtz. On comparing, on the other hand the properties of the methylic and ethylic sulphocyamdes with those of the sulphocyanides of allyl and phenyl, it can scarcely be doubted that we have here the representatives of two groups entirely different, and that the terms of the methyl- and ethyl-series which correspond to oil of mustard, and to the sulphocyanide of phenyl, still remain to be discovered. Experiments with which I am now engaged will show whether these bodies cannot be obtained by the action of the iodides of methyl and ethyl on sulphocyanide of silver."

scholarly journals The diaries of John Byrom, M. A., F. R. S., and their relation to the pre-history of the Royal Society Club

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-183 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
First Record ◽  
The Other ◽  
History Of

The first record for Thursday, 27 October 1743,is an isolated entry written on a sheet of paper pasted on the inside cover of Minute Book No. 1; it lists the names of eight Members who each paid six shillings for the month to Mr Colebrook, the Treasurer, for four dinners to be ordered at i/6d.per head. The Treasurer had to order each Thursday ‘a dinner for six and pay nine shillings certain’ to the innkeeper of the Mitre Tavern in Fleet Street; ‘as many more as come to pay one-and-sixpence per head each’ but if more than six come, ‘the deficiency to be paid out of this Fund of -£2.8.0.’, the amount he had received that day. O f these eight men six were Fellows of the Royal Society and the other two became Fellows later.

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