Infant Warmer Design with PID Control for Stability and Equal Temperature Distribution Equipped with Digital Scales for Prevention of Hypothermia in Newborns

Babies need temperatures that match the temperature in the mother's womb, which is between 35°C – 37°C. the latest research on infant warmer equipment uses the fuzzy method as a system for temperature control in infant warmers, The problem in previous research is that at each temperature setting, the temperature is not evenly distributed throughout the bed, when it reaches the setting temperature, the heater continues to turn on so that the bed gets hotter. The purpose of this research is to make an infant warmer equipped with digital scales, with temperature settings of 350C, 360C, and 370C using PID control to stabilize the temperature and ensure the spread of heat on the bed evenly, then the addition of skin temperature aims to make nurses know what the patient's body temperature is when observations were made. The infant warmer in this module uses an arduino microcontroller which is displayed in 7segment, then the skin sensor used is the DS18B20 temperature sensor to read the skin temperature, and the infant warmer temperature sensor used is LM35 as a PID control system. The results of the research in making the tool module were compared with the measurement results against the comparator. This research has obtained the results of the smallest error in the measurement of setting temperature of 350C with an error of 0%. For comparison with the incu analyzer, the smallest error is obtained at the setting temperature of 370C with an error value of 0% on the T5 measurement, the difference in skin temperature against the thermometer is 0.10C. The results showed that the temperature spread on the module had different error values. So that this research can be implemented on the PID control infant warmer system to improve performance on infant temperature stability.

Validity of Performance Factors Used in Recent Studies On Heat Transfer Enhancement of Nanofluids

Many previous studies used the performance factors for the evaluation of heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids under the identical pumping power. The validity of the performance factors was not examined yet. The validity of the performance factors used in previous studies examined considered only flows in a circular tube based on the empirical correlations and experimental data. It was found that the performance factors used in the previous studies are not valid for the evaluation of heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids. Furthermore, this paper shows that the direct comparison of heat transfer rates without the assumptions of equal surface area and the equal temperature difference is suitable for the evaluation of heat transfer enhancement of single-phase fluids.

Local and Average Structure of Yb-Doped Ceria through Synchrotron and Neutron Pair Distribution Function

As transport properties of doped ceria electrolytes depend significantly on the nature of the dopant and the defectivity, the design of new materials and devices requires proper understanding of the defect structure. Among lanthanide dopants, Yb shows some peculiar characteristics that call for a possible different defect structure compared to Gd and Sm conventional dopants, which could be linked to its poorer performance. For this purpose, we combine synchrotron and neutron powder diffraction exploiting the Rietveld and Pair distribution Function. By increasing its concentration, Yb produces qualitatively the same structural distortions as other dopants, leading to a domain structure involving the progressive nucleation and growth of nanodomains with a Yb2O3-like (C-type) structure hosted in a fluorite CeO2 matrix. However, when it comes to growing the C-type nanodomains into a long-range phase, the transformation is less pronounced. At the same time, a stronger structural distortion occurs at the local scale, which is consistent with the segregation of a large amount of oxygen vacancies. The strong trapping of VOs by Yb3+ explains the poor performance of Yb-doped ceria with respect to conventional Sm-, Gd-, and Y-doped samples at equal temperature and dopant amount.

The impact of mineral dust on the day-to-day variability of stratiform cloud glaciation occurrence

Two different A-Train satellite cloud phase products were analysed together with an aerosol model reanalysis to assess the global day-to-day variability of cloud thermodynamic phase. This variability was analysed for different mixing-ratios of fine and coarse mineral dust during the period 2007–2010 and within a temperature range from +3 °C to −42 °C. Night‑time stratiform clouds were analysed, including stratocumulus, altocumulus, altostratus and cirrus clouds. This analysis showed that the phase of stratiform clouds is highly dependent on temperature and latitude. However, at equal temperature the average occurrence of fully glaciated stratiform clouds was found to increase for higher dust mixing-ratios on a day-to-day basis at mid- and high latitudes. At −15 °C, the increment of ice cloud occurrence between the lowest and highest mixing-ratio was found to be higher for fine dust (+10 % to +18 % occurrence) than for coarse dust (+5 % to +10 %). Surprisingly, the increments were higher in remote regions (e.g. southern high latitudes) where the average dust-mixing ratios are low.

Equal temperature–size responses of the sexes are widespread within arthropod species

Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is often affected by environmental conditions, but the effect of temperature on SSD in ectotherms still requires rigorous investigation. We compared the plastic responses of size-at-maturity to temperature between males and females within 85 diverse arthropod species, in which individuals of both sexes were reared through ontogeny under identical conditions with excess food. We find that the sexes show similar relative (proportional) temperature–body size (T–S) responses on average. The high degree of similarity occurs despite an analysis that includes a wide range of animal body sizes, variation in degree of SSD and differences in the sign of the T–S response. We find no support for Rensch's rule, which predicts greater variation in male size, or indeed the reverse, greater female size variation. SSD shows no systematic temperature dependence in any of the 17 arthropod orders examined, five of which (Diptera, Orthoptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Calanoida) include more than six thermal responses. We suggest that the same proportional T–S response may generally have equivalent fitness costs and benefits in both sexes. This contrasts with effects of juvenile density, and food quantity/quality, which commonly result in greater size plasticity in females, suggesting these variables have different adaptive effects on SSD.

Optimization Of Parameters Of Heating Elements For Floor Panel Of Piglets Resting Places

The article deals with problem solving of mathematical physics using the method of separation of variables optimizing heating element – optimizing water tube parameters (tube material, radius, insulation thickness, choosing appropriate surrounding environment). For ensuring piglets comfort, concrete floor panels heated by electric current or hot water are used. If an electro-heated cable in the panels body is placed, than amount of heat conducted from the cable is the same along all the length of the cable. If hot water circulating through tube is used, than amount of heat energy taken off the heater decreases along its length. The aim of the research is to create the mathematical model of a water tube, were water temperature is gradually decreasing. This model is needed to make precise calculations of the heating panel for piglets, to ensure equal temperature distribution over the upper surface of the panel, taking into account mathematically calculated temperature decrease of the heat source.

Ecology of the Slug, Girasia crocea (Godwin-Austen) (Stylommatophora : Ariophantidae)

Slug Girasia crocea (Godwin-Austen) is an herbivore, feeds on soft twigs or leaves of plants. The slug G. crocea are active for period of March-November. They use to overcome winter month (December-February) through hibernation. Sometimes they were seen to winter morning. In nature, they have a wide range of food acceptability. The feeding and foraging activities are confined to night ours. In nature, breeding period extends from March to November. The egg laying and other breeding activities are maintained at an equal temperature during the whole active period. In laboratory, they thrived well on Amranthus sp. And Spinacea sp., while temperature. They attained adult at the age of 196 days to 201 days. They lay eggs lay in cluster. The eggs are round in shape and white in colour. Individual slugs on an average, added 9.5mm, 2.5mm and 40mg; 13.5mm, 3.5mm and 40mg; 17mm, 5mm and 50mg; 24mm, 5mm and 60 mg; 35.5mm, 6 mm and 485mg; 52mm,10mm and 1190mg; 65mm, 8.5 and 1114mg; 65mm, 9.5mm and 1117mg and 57mm, 10mm and 1134mg to their body length, body width and body weight respectively at temperature of 26 - 31.50C during the study period. On an average an egg was measured 3.85mm in diameter.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v6i1.22071 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 6(1): 227-232 2013