Studies in the respiratory and carbohydrate metabolism of plant tissues III. Experimental studies of the formation of carbon dioxide and of the changes in lactic acid and other products in potato tubers in air following anaerobic conditions

1953 ◽  
Vol 140 (901) ◽  
pp. 508-522 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Anaerobic Metabolism ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
The Third ◽  
After Effect

This paper is the third in a series dealing with the anaerobic metabolism of potato tubers. In the two earlier papers (Barker & Saifi 1952 a, b ) we considered the changes which occurred during exclusion of oxygen, in the rate of CO 2 production and in the contents o sugar, lactic acid, alcohol and of an unidentified alcohol-soluble fraction. This paper is concerned with the influence of air following a period of anaerobiosis. The data given in the present paper showed that on transfer from the anaerobic to the aerobic state there was an increase in the rate of CO 2 production above the normal aerobic level, followed by a fall towards this level. Associated with this so-called after-effect there was a rapid disappearance of the lactic acid which had accumulated during the period in nitrogen and a quick increase in the sugar content, followed by a slower decrease. These experimental results are analyzed in the fourth paper in the series (page 522).

Studies in the respiratory and carbohydrate metabolism of plant tissues I. Experimental studies of the formation of carbon dioxide, lactic acid and other products in potato tubers under anaerobic conditions

1952 ◽  
Vol 140 (900) ◽  
pp. 362-385 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Complex Form ◽  
Zinc Salt ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Minimal Rate ◽  
Rate Of Accumulation

Using mature potatoes of low sugar content, held at 10°C both in air and in nitrogen, the following metabolic changes were determined. The CO 2 production in nitrogen showed a complex form, the initial phase consisting of a slight increase, followed by a marked fall to a minimal rate after from 6 to 9 days. The sucrose and hexose content changed little in air, but in nitrogen sucrose decreased markedly, and the hexoses were either stable or increased. While lactic acid accumulated progressively under anaerobic conditions, the content of alcohol did not begin to increase until after about 7 days. Subsequently the rate of accumulation of lactic acid decreased, and that of alcohol increased. During the period of rising lactic acid, an approximately equivalent increase occurred in a non-sugar, non-lactic, alcohol-soluble fraction. Lactic acid was isolated as the zinc salt; it was present mainly as the L-isomer. The experimental data are analyzed in part II of this communication (p. 385).

Studies in the respiratory and carbohydrate metabolism of plant tissues - Experimental studies of the formation of carbon dioxide and of the changes in lactic acid, sucrose and in certain fractions of keto-acids in potato tubers in air following anaerobic conditions

1953 ◽  
Vol 141 (904) ◽  
pp. 321-337 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Pyruvic Acid ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Krebs Cycle ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Co2 Output ◽  
Keto Acids

Barker A Saifl (1953 b ), suggested that the initial rapid increase and the subsequent slower decrease in the CO 2 output of potatoes in air after a peroid under anaerobic conditions might be partly related to a quick formation of pyruvic acid from the accumulated lactic acid and to the respiration of the Pyruvic acid via krebs cycle (krebs & johnson 1937; krebs 1952). Information bearing on the associated changes in pyruvic and α-ketoglutaric acid has now been obtained using a technique (Friedemann & Haugen 1943; Friedemann 1950) which while not fully specific gives values that are known to include true pyruvic acid and true α-ketoglutaric acid as well as non-pyruvic and non-α-ketoglutaric acid material respectively. Associated with the loss of Lactic acid in air after nitrogen and the accompanying increase followed by a decrease in the CO 2 output, Mentioned above, there was first a rapid increase in the content of 'pyruvic' and 'α-ketoglutaric acid' and then a prolonged decrease in these fractions. The analysis of the interrelation between the loss of lactic acid and the production of CO 2 and of the keto-acids, and between the changes in the rate of CO2 output and the changes in the concentration of the keto-acids and of sucrose, is taken up in the next paper in this series (Barker & Mapson 1953).

Studies in the respiratory and carbohydrate metabolism of plant tissues II. Interrelationship between the rates of production of carbon dioxide, of lactic and of alcohol in potato tubers under anaerobic conditions

1952 ◽  
Vol 140 (900) ◽  
pp. 385-403 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Pyruvic Acid ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Glycolytic Intermediate ◽  
Pasteur Effect ◽  
High Sugar Content

Data, presented in part I of this communication, for the changes in air and in nitrogen in the rate of CO 2 production by potato tubers and in the contents of sugar, lactic acid, alcohol and other constituents, are analyzed and discussed. Certain features of the results indicate that in nitrogen a system producing lactic acid may be competing with systems in which either CO 2 or CO 2 and alcohol are formed, for a glycolytic intermediate, possibly pyruvic acid. Stoklasa (1904) observed the formation of lactic acid, together with a considerable amount of alcohol, in potatoes during anaerobiosis. In contrast, Kostytschew (1913) found no alcohol in low-sugar potatoes under anaerobic conditions, but a little alcohol in tubers of high sugar content. In our experiments, also with low-sugar potatoes, lactic acid but no alcohol was formed in the first phase of anaerobiosis; subsequently alcohol was produced in addition to lactic acid. Thus the results of previous workers are to a certain extent reconciled by the present study. When account is taken of the formation, under anaerobic conditions, of lactic acid and alcohol, as well as of CO 2 , a marked Pasteur effect is shown. The doubts expressed by Choudhury (1939) and Boswell & Whiting (1940), based solely on observations of CO 2 output, as to the existence of a Pasteur effect in potatoes are thus seen to be unjustified.

Studies in the respiratory and carbohydrate metabolism of plant tissues. XII. Further studies of the formation of CO 2 and the changes in lactate, alcohol, sucrose, pyruvate and α -ketoglutarate in potato tubers in nitrogen and in air following anaerobic conditions

1963 ◽  
Vol 157 (968) ◽  
pp. 383-402 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
Pyruvate Oxidase ◽  
Oxidase System

A specific chromatographic method was used to show that, in air following anaerobiosis, lactate was oxidized to pyruvate and that the latter might be metabolized in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Our earlier view (Barker & Mapson 1953 b )was thus confirmed. As was expected, both the form and mechanism of the outburst of CO 2 in air after nitrogen were simpler with fully sweet potatoes at 1 °C than with low-sugar potatoes at 10 °C. In the former the outburst of CO 2 appeared to be due only to consumption of lactate; in the latter the outburst of CO 2 was attributed in part to consumption of lactate and in part to change in sugar content. With certain stocks of fully sweet potatoes at 1 °C, the pyruvate oxidase system appeared to be saturated with substrate initially in air after nitrogen; moreover, after 22 days in nitrogen, the pyruvate oxidase system appeared to be almost, if not completely, inhibited. A general, but not a close, correlation was observed between the rates of aerobic respiration and of increase of lactate and output of CO 2 in nitrogen, the rates of these functions being affected by differences in sugar content (Barker 1933) and in metabolic state.

Studies in the respiratory and carbohydrate metabolism of plant tissues VI. Analysis of the interrelationships between the rate carbon dioxide production and the changes in the conten of lactic acid, sucrose and of certain fractions of keto-acid in potato tubers in air following anaerobic conditions

1953 ◽  
Vol 141 (904) ◽  
pp. 338-362 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Pyruvic Acid ◽  
Krebs Cycle ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Temporary Increase ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions

In the previous paper (Barker & Mapson 1953) the loss of lactic acid which occurs in potato tubers in air after nitrogen and the accompanying increase followed by a decrease in the CO 2 output were shown to be associated with a rapid initial increase in the contents of ‘pyruvic’ and ‘ α -ketoglutaric acids’ followed by a prolonged decrease in these fractions, From an analysis of these data in the present paper the time relations and magnitudes of the changes appear to be such that the increased output of CO 2 and the increased content of ‘pyruvic’ and ‘ α -ketoglutaric acids’ during the initial phase in air after nitrogen can be ascribed to the oxidation of lactic acid to pyruvic acid and the respiration of the pyruvic acid, so produced, via the Krebs tricarboxylic cycle (Krebs & Johnson 1937 ; Krebs 1952). The analysis also indicates that the bulk of the initial outburst in CO 2 was produced by decarboxylation of ‘pyruvic acid’ with smaller contributions from ‘ α -ketoglutaric acid’ and possibly from oxalosuccinic acid. The data are in accord with, but do not prove, the operation of the Krebs cycle in potato I tubers. Reference is made to the earlier observations of Miller, Guthrie & Denny (1936) that potatoes treated with various volatile compounds showed an outburst of CO 2 accompanied by a loss of citric acid. The present authors suggest that this loss of citric acid may be associated with a temporary increase in the content and/or the rate of decarboxylation of ‘α-ketoglutaric acid’. If further work substantiates this hypothesis, there will be strong evidence for the occurrence of the Krebs cycle in potatoes.

PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: XXV. DISSIMILATION OF GLUCOSE BY BACTERIA OF THE GENUS SERRATIA

1948 ◽  
Vol 26b (3) ◽  
pp. 335-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Neish ◽  
A. C. Blackwood ◽  
Florence M. Robertson ◽  
G. A. Ledingham
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Succinic Acid ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Hydrogen Formation ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Typical Strain ◽  
Different Strains

The genus Serratia may be divided into three groups on the basis of three characteristic fermentations found under anaerobic conditions. The first group, comprised of all strains of S. marcescens, S. anolium, and S. indica tested and one strain named S. kielensis, dissimilates glucose as follows: C6H12O6 → CH3CHOHCHOHCH3 + HCOOH + CO2. The second group, containing S. plymouthensis and some unnamed strains, dissimilates glucose according to the equation: C6H12O6 → CH3CHOHCHOHCH3 + 2CO2 + H2. The third group containing only the most typical strain of S. kielensis carries out the reaction: C6H12O6 + 2H2O → 2CH3COOH + 2CO2 + 4H2. These reactions account for approximately one-half of the glucose utilized, the remainder being accounted for chiefly by the ethanol and lactic acid fermentations which are found in varying proportions with different strains. All strains form some succinic acid, probably by carbon dioxide fixation. Under aerobic conditions carbon dioxide formation is stimulated, chiefly at the expense of formic acid with organisms of the first group, while hydrogen formation by organisms of the second and third groups is depressed.

scholarly journals Fermentasi Biji Kakao Kering Menggunakan Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus lactis, dan Acetobacter aceti

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 302
Author(s):  
Mulono Apriyanto ◽  
Sutardi Sutardi ◽  
Supriyanto Supriyanto ◽  
Eni Harmayani
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Dry Beans ◽  
Acetobacter Aceti ◽  
Cocoa Beans ◽  
Total Sugar Content ◽  
The Third ◽  
Lactobacillus Lactis

The aims of the study was to improve quality of cocoa bans by fermentation of sun dried cocoa beans. The fermentation variations were conducted as follows: first, fermentation without the addition of inoculum (control), the second treatment using inoculum of S. cerevisiae (FNCC 3056), L. lactis (FNC 0086) and A. aceti (FNCC 0016), each of 108 cfu/g  given simultaneously at the beginning of fermentation.and the third treatment wassequential administration, i.e: yeast at the initial fermentation, lactic acid bacteria after 24 hours fermentation, and acetic acid bacteria after 48 hr of fermentation third with the same microbial population with the second treatment. The fermentation was conducted for120 hours. The fermentation temperature were controlled during fermentation as follows: 35 °C  for the first 24 hours, 45 °C  for the next second 24- hours, 55 °C the third 24 hours and 35 °C for the last 48 hours of fermentation. The results showed that after the rehydration, pulp composition of dry beans could be used as a substrate for fermentation. During fermentation, dry cocoa beans showed reduction of total sugar content, pH and total polyphenols for all the three treatments. Cut test of dried cocoa beans during the fermentation showed the increasing percentage of brown color of the three treatments. Reducing sugar and fermentation indexes increasedfor all treatments during fermentation. Concentration of ethanol, lactic acid and acetic acid reached highest level at 24, 60, and 108 hours of fermentationfor all treatments.  Highest populations of S. cerevisiae, L. lactis and A. aceti of three treatments obtained at 24, 48 and 72 hours of fermentation. After fermentation and roasting, dry beans produced hydrophobic amino acids as precursors of flavor and volatile compounds.                                               ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perubahan sifat kimia pada fermentasi biji kakao kering jemur. Biji kakao kering jemur yang diperoleh dari petani memiliki kadar air yang tidak seragam. Guna menimalkan kegagalan fermentasi maka biji kakao kering jemur diperoleh melalui pengeringan biji kakao segar menggunakan kabinet dryer dengan sebelumnya dikondisikan pada suhu seperti pengeringan dengan sinar matahari, dan masing ditentukan kadar gula reduksinya. Percobaan fermentasi biji kakao kering dilakukan fermentasi pada wadah fermentasi dengan jumlah biji 150 g setiap wadah. Sebelum difermentasi terlebih dahulu biji kakao kering jemur direhidrasi agar didapat kadar air mendekati biji segar, kemudian biji kakao kering jemur diinkubasi selama enam hari dan tanpa dibalik selama fermentasi. Setiap perlakuan diulangi tiga kali dan diamati tiap 24 jam sampai 120 jam. Kadar gula reduksi (kontrol 4,49–11,45%, inokulum diawal (IA) 4,69–11,55%, inokulum bertahap (IB) 4,64–11,54%), kadar asam tertitrasi (kontrol 4,48–6,45%, inokulum diawal (IA) 4,64–6,39%, inokulum bertahap (IB)  4,45–6,59%), populasi Saccharomycescerevisiae (kontrol 5,56–7,28 (log CFU/g), inokulum diawal (IA) 6,45–8,75 (logCFU/g), inokulum bertahap (IB) 6.88 – 8.99 (logCFU/g), Lactobacillus lactis (kontrol 6,66–8,15 (log CFU/g), inokulum diawal (IA) 7,65–8,21(log CFU/g), inokulum bertahap (IB) 7,66–8,95 (log CFU/g) dan Acetobacter aceti (kontrol 4,26–6,95% (log CFU/g), inokulum diawal (IA) 4,85–7,40 (log CFU/g), inokulum bertahap (IB) 4,35–7,91 (log CFU/g)) dalam pulp fermentasi diamati selama proses fermentasi. Untuk mengetahui kualitas biji kakao dilakukan pengukuran pH (kontrol 5,67–3,98, inokulum diawal (IA) 5,67–3,55, inokulum bertahap (IB) 5,67–3,50), kadar etanol (kontrol 0,3–0,5%, inokulum diawal (IA) 0,3–0,52%, inokulum bertahap (IB) 0,35–0,53%) dan indeks fermentasi selama fermentasi (kontrol 0,31–0,88, inokulum diawal (IA) 0,32–0,99, inokulum bertahap (IB) 0,33–1,03).Kata kunci: Acetobacter aceti; biji kakao kering jemur; fermentasi; Lactobacillus lactis; Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Studies in the respiratory and carbohydrate metabolism of plant tissues IV. The relation between the rate of carbon dioxide production in potato tubers in air following anaerobic conditions, and the accompanying changes in lactic acid content and sugar concentration

1953 ◽  
Vol 140 (901) ◽  
pp. 522-555 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Pyruvic Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Krebs Cycle ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Keto Acids ◽  
Lactic Acid Content ◽  
After Effect

In part III of this series data were presented for the changes in air following periods of anaerobiosis in the rate of CO 2 production of potato tubers and in the contents of sugar, lactic acid and other constituents. Here these experimental data are analyzed and further discussed. The time curve for decrease in the content of lactic acid in air following a period of anaerobiosis appeared to be nearly linear initially with a sharp inflexion as the air value of lactic acid was approached. For a given content of lactic acid the rate of loss of the acid was the more rapid, the shorter the period of anaerobiosis. Preliminary data for the changes in the content of pyruvic and other keto-acids in air following nitrogen were mentioned and the forms of the curves for loss of lactic acid were considered in relation to the system pyruvic acid + Co I. H 2 ⇌ L-lactic acid + Co I lactic dehydrogenase The possible influence of changes both in the content of pyruvic acid and in the quotient Co I. H 2 /Co I on the form of the lactic acid content/time curve was noted. It was provisionally suggested that the effective activity of lactic acid dehydrogenase might decrease progressively in nitrogen and that this loss of activity might not be quickly reversed in air following nitrogen; alternatively in air following nitrogen, owing to the accumulation of reduced compounds during anaerobiosis, the quotient Co i.H 2 /Co i might for a time be maintained larger the longer the previous period of anaerobiosis. The CO 2 production in the after-effect was shown to have a dual origin, being derived partly from lactic acid and partly from sugar. The view was advanced that lactic acid was first oxidized to pyruvic acid, which was then transformed, either in part or completely, into other acids, possibly via the Krebs cycle. The keto-acids of the Krebs cycle may thus be the immediate substrates of the CO 2 production which is derived from lactic acid. The quantitative evaluation of the share of the two components, i. e. the non-sugar and the sugar CO 2 components, in the total CO 2 production, and the elucidation of the fate of the lactic acid presented serious difficulties. The analysis of the CO 2 production/sucrose relation during the after-effect in dicated that when lactic acid had decreased to the low level characteristic of aerobic conditions the CO 2 production was, for a time which varied in extent in the different experiments, approximately proportional to the sucrose concentration; how ever, in comparison with the values for samples held through out in air, the proportionality factor, i. e. CO 2 production/sucrose, was depressed to a greater or lesser extent in different experiments. If it was assumed first that the depression of sugar respiration during the time when lactic acid was disappearing was no greater than after the acid had decreased to the air-level and second that the respiration of sugar continued normally in the after-effect unaffected by the simultaneous oxidation of lactic acid, only a part of the lactic acid loss could be accounted for by CO 2 production; it was suggested that the residue of the lactic acid was either in part metabolized to other compounds, e. g. other organic acids, or was in part resynthesized to carbohydrate as in frog’s muscle (Meyerhof 1930). If, however, the respiration of sugar was assumed to be partly suppressed by the increased concentration of pyruvic acid arising from the rapid oxidation of lactic acid, then a greater proportion but not the whole of the lactic acid loss could be accounted for as CO 2 production; in this case, in addition to conversion to other organic acids and possibly resynthesis to carbohydrate as already mentioned, a part of the lactic acid would be oxidized in stead of sugar and so spare the normal consumption of sugar in respiration. The results confirm the observations of Singh (1927) on CO 2 production in the after-effect and extend them by the information provided by the data for the concomitant changes in the contents of lactic acid and sugar.

End products of anaerobic metabolism in Cerithidea (Cerithideopsilla) cingulata (Gmelin 1790) and Cerithium coralium Kiener 1841

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 1304-1310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Prabhakara Rao ◽  
D. G. V. Prasada Rao
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Succinic Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Anaerobic Metabolism ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
End Products ◽  
Cerithidea Cingulata ◽  
Lactic Acids

Changes in the utilisation of glycogen and aspartic acid and accumulation of end products such as succinic acid, alanine, glutamic acid, and lactic acid were studied in Cerithidea cingulata and Cerithium coralium under anaerobic conditions. A time-bound utilisation of glycogen and aspartic acid was observed with an initial increase in their utilisation during the earlier hours of anaerobiosis. Accumulation of the end products succinic acid and alanine were found to be high during the initial hours of anaerobiosis. Glutamic and lactic acids were also observed to accumulate but to a lesser extent.

scholarly journals Recovery heat in muscular contraction without lactic acid formation

1931 ◽  
Vol 108 (757) ◽  
pp. 279-301 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Muscular Contraction ◽  
Acid Formation ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Spontaneous Breakdown ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Resting Muscle

In a comparison of muscles poisoned with mono-iodo-acetic acid (IAA) in the presence and in the absence of oxygen respectively, Lundsgaard (1930) found:- (1) That the spontaneous breakdown of phosphagen in poisoned resting muscle is much more rapid under anaerobic conditions. (2) That the onset of the characteristic contracture produced by IAA is accompanied always by an increase in the rate of oxygen consumption.

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