scholarly journals Long-term reciprocation of grooming in wild West African chimpanzees

2008 ◽  
Vol 276 (1657) ◽  
pp. 699-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina M Gomes ◽  
Roger Mundry ◽  
Christophe Boesch
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Pan Troglodytes ◽  
West African ◽  
Pan Troglodytes Verus ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Term Basis ◽  
Wild West

Humans are well known for their ability to keep track of social debts over extended periods of time, and for their tendency to preferentially cooperate with closely bonded partners. Non-human primates have been shown to cooperate with kin and non-kin, and reciprocate helpful acts. However, there is ongoing debate over whether they keep track of previous interactions and, if so, whether they can do it over extended periods of time, or are constrained to finalize exchanges within a single encounter. In this study, we used 3000 hours of all-day focal follows of wild chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes verus ) to investigate whether both females and males reciprocate grooming within a single interaction, throughout the day, or over longer periods of time. We found that grooming was reciprocated more symmetrically when measured on a long-term, rather than on an immediate or short-term basis. Random giving, general allocation of grooming efforts, similarities among individuals and kinship do not appear to explain these highly reciprocal exchanges. Previously collected consecutive focal follows of single individuals revealed that dyads groomed an average of once every 7 days. Our findings strongly suggest that chimpanzees, similar to humans, are able to keep track of past social interactions, at least for a one-week period, and balance services over repeated encounters.

Timing and probability of ovulation in relation to sex skin swelling in wild West African chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes verus

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Deschner ◽  
Michael Heistermann ◽  
Keith Hodges ◽  
Christophe Boesch
Keyword(s):  
Pan Troglodytes ◽  
West African ◽  
Pan Troglodytes Verus ◽  
Sex Skin ◽  
Wild West

Guinea-Bissau’s Embalo will seek to centralise power

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Trafficking ◽  
West African ◽  
Cape Verde ◽  
Financial Assistance ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Guinea Bissau ◽  
Peace Operation

Significance The end to the UN peace operation came almost three months after the departure of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Mission in Guinea Bissau (ECOMIB). The completion of both missions comes amid a tense political standoff between President Umaro Sissoco Embalo and the former ruling African Party for the Independence of Guinea Bissau and Cape Verde (PAIGC). Impacts Embalo’s heavy-handed approach could bring short-term stability but poses a long-term threat to a fragile political and security situation. Drug trafficking will remain a major challenge for the new administration, despite hard-line government commitments. Embalo is looking to regional allies to attract much-needed funds for his administration and provide technical and financial assistance.

scholarly journals The Leveraged ETF Inefficiency in Trending & Range-Bound Markets: An Application Case Study for a 3x Leveraged Gold Miners ETF

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Vasiliki A. Basdekidou
Keyword(s):  
Efficient Market Hypothesis ◽  
Trading Strategy ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Temporal Dimension ◽  
Back Testing ◽  
Gold Miners ◽  
Term Basis ◽  
Leveraged Etf

The main goal of this paper is to introduce the leveraged ETF die-down price action technical market anomaly (leveraged ETF anomaly), and then to discuss the temporal dimension and the subsequent (time-series) functionalities of this anomaly (temporal leveraged ETF anomaly). Our approach not only challenging the efficient-market hypothesis with regards to constantly declining leveraged ETF price action course, but also has a temporal dimension because it uses the Jesse Livermore’s “psychological time” as parameter in both functions: (i) “emotional control” for opening position at the beginning of an intraday or short-term move and thereafter for holding this position; and (ii) in “money risk management - exit policy” for closing position. Traditional fundamental analysis theories and technical analysis rules and approaches are not able to interpret the die-down (i.e. a constantly declining in a mid- and long-term basis) leveraged ETF price action course. Instead, a rational dynamic and temporal representative agent could explain and document better this anomaly and this is the case of this article (i.e. trading exploitation functionality). The presented research shows that the proposed temporal leveraged ETF anomaly accumulates profit entirely overnight in sideways and in choppy markets, while in a trending market the profit occurs intraday. These findings for the leveraged ETF instruments reject classical theories of trending and sideways markets returns. Hence, (i) in a sideways or in a choppy market, a well designed overnight-position return strategy based on temporal leveraged ETF anomaly; and (ii) in a trending market, a well designed daytime-position return strategy based on temporal leveraged ETF anomaly as well, could gain benefit at the expense of hedgers and long-term investors respectively. After back-testing our research in available 5-year data for the JNUG 3x leveraged ETF (gold miners juniors), we found that overnight-position speculators, in sideways or choppy markets, profit from the proposed temporal leveraged ETF trading strategy approach at the expense of hedgers; and daytime swing traders, in trending markets, profit from the proposed temporal leveraged ETF trading strategy approach at the expense of long-term investors.

scholarly journals University Funding Formulas: An Analysis of the Québec Reforms and Incentives

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Pier-André Bouchard St-Amant ◽  
Alexis-Nicolas Brabant ◽  
Éric Germain
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Simple Game ◽  
Substitution Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Funding Formula ◽  
University Funding ◽  
Term Basis ◽  
Funding Formulas ◽  
Redistributive Effects

This paper analyzes the incentives induced by a formula to fund universities based primarily on enrolment. Using a simple game theoretical framework, we argue that inherently those formulas lower the funding per student. We argue that if the funding value differs by enrolment type, it introduces incentives to substitute enrolment where most profitable. We use these results to discuss the 2018 funding formula changes in Québec. Québec’s latest reform is an attempt to reduce substitution effects and increase graduate enrolment. We provide simulations of the reform’s redistributive effects. With the formula change, some universities have structural advantages over others. Whilst the reform, on a short-term basis, deploys a mechanism to mitigate these advantages, on a long-term basis the effect introduces a larger gap between Québec higher-education institutions.

scholarly journals Learning Whether to Cooperate in Novel Social Interactions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H.B. McAuliffe ◽  
Michael E. McCullough ◽  
Maxwell Burton-Chellew
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Best Interest ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Lines Of Evidence ◽  
Human Social Life

Human social life is rife with uncertainty. In any given social interaction, one can wonder: Is cooperating with this person in my long-term best interest? Many people resolve to play it safe by cooperating rather than behaving selfishly, likely because (a) most social interactions in everyday life have long-term consequences and (b) the costs of alienating oneself from long-term social partners often outweighs the short-term benefits of cheating them. However, since trusting and sharing with others does not always advance self-interest, people might also learn through experience whether cooperation benefits them in any particular situation. Here, we review several lines of evidence suggesting that people initially decide when to share and trust based on the incentives that are present in their daily lives, but that they can also learn through experience to adjust their cooperation decisions to match the incentives of novel situations.

scholarly journals University Funding Formulas: An Analysis of the Québec Reforms and Incentives

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Pier-André Bouchard St-Amant ◽  
Alexis-Nicolas Brabant ◽  
Éric Germain
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Simple Game ◽  
Substitution Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Funding Formula ◽  
University Funding ◽  
Term Basis ◽  
Funding Formulas ◽  
Redistributive Effects

This paper analyzes the incentives induced by a formula to fund universities based primarily on enrolment. Using a simple game theoretical framework, we argue that inherently those formulas lower the funding per student. We argue that if the funding value differs by enrolment type, it introduces incentives to substitute enrolment where most profitable. We use these results to discuss the 2018 funding formula changes in Québec. Québec’s latest reform is an attempt to reduce substitution effects and increase graduate enrolment. We provide simulations of the reform’s redistributive effects. With the formula change, some universities have structural advantages over others. Whilst the reform, on a short-term basis, deploys a mechanism to mitigate these advantages, on a long-term basis the effect introduces a larger gap between Québec higher-education institutions.

scholarly journals OVERVIEW OF THE TEMPORARY MEASURES FOR REDUCING THE IMPACT OF CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19) ACT 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (21) ◽  
pp. 220-227
Author(s):  
Rohana Abdul Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mediation Process ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Term Basis ◽  
Contractual Obligations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Economic Well Being

The impact of Coronavirus disease has transcended beyond imaginable. Everyone is vulnerable and no one on this planet can safely say that he or she is protected against the deadly virus. All governments are taking immediate steps to address the ensuing repercussion of the pandemic, both on a short-term and long-term basis. Malaysia has passed a law that provides for temporary measures to reduce the impact of COVID-19 on the general economic sectors affecting the general economic well-being of the country. This paper explains the provisions of the COVID-19 Act 2020 and the specific other laws that it intends to modify therein. In particular, the paper highlights the establishment of a mediation process in respect of disputes arising from the inability to perform contractual obligations by parties during the pandemic. The paper concurs that COVID-19 Act 2020 attempts to cover quite comprehensive temporary measures to address issues relating to the pandemic and in the process provides validity to the actions taken by various parties before its commencement. On the other hand, the paper argues that several vague and uncertain provisions of the law led to questionable application and implication thus creating doubts as to its effectiveness.

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