scholarly journals Ancestral and offspring nutrition interact to affect life-history traits in Drosophila melanogaster

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1897) ◽  
pp. 20182778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph B. Deas ◽  
Leo Blondel ◽  
Cassandra G. Extavour
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Life History ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Wing Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Poor Diet ◽  
Three Generations ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Ovariole Number ◽  
Pupal Mass

Ancestral environmental conditions can impact descendant phenotypes through a variety of epigenetic mechanisms. Previous studies on transgenerational effects in Drosophila melanogaster suggest that parental nutrition may affect the body size, developmental duration and egg size of the next generation. However, it is unknown whether these effects on phenotype remain stable across generations, or if specific generations have general responses to ancestral diet. In the current study, we examined the effect on multiple life-history phenotypes of changing diet quality across three generations. Our analysis revealed unforeseen patterns in how phenotypes respond to dietary restriction. Our generalized linear model showed that when considering only two generations, offspring phenotypes were primarily affected by their own diet, and to a lesser extent by the diet of their parents or the interaction between the two generations. Surprisingly, however, when considering three generations, offspring phenotypes were primarily impacted by their grandparents' diet and their own diet. Interactions among different generations’ diets affected development time, egg volume and pupal mass more than ovariole number or wing length. Furthermore, pairwise comparisons of diet groups from the same generation revealed commonalities in strong responses to rich versus poor diet: ovariole number, pupal mass and wing length responded more strongly to poor diet than to rich diet, while development time responded strongly to both rich and poor diets. To improve investigations into the mechanisms and consequences of transgenerational, epigenetic inheritance, future studies should closely examine how phenotypes change across a higher number of generations, and consider responses to broader variability in diet treatments.

scholarly journals Ancestral and offspring nutrition interact to affect life history traits in Drosophila melanogaster

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph B. Deas ◽  
Leo Blondel ◽  
Cassandra G. Extavour
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Life History ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Wing Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Poor Diet ◽  
Three Generations ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Ovariole Number ◽  
Pupal Mass

ABSTRACTAncestral environmental conditions can impact descendant phenotypes through a variety of epigenetic mechanisms. Previous studies on transgenerational effects in Drosophila melanogaster suggest that parental nutrition may affect the body size, developmental duration, and egg size of the next generation. However, it is unknown whether these effects on phenotype remain stable across generations, or if specific generations have general responses to ancestral diet. In the current study, we examined the effect on multiple life history phenotypes of changing diet quality across three generations. Our analysis revealed unforeseen patterns in how phenotypes respond to dietary restriction. Our generalized linear model showed that when considering only two generations, offspring phenotypes were primarily affected by their own diet, and to a lesser extent by the diet of their parents or the interaction between the two generations. Surprisingly, however, when considering three generations, offspring phenotypes were primarily impacted by their grandparents’ diet and their own diet. Interactions amongst different generations’ diets affected development time, egg volume, and pupal mass more than ovariole number or wing length. Further, pairwise comparisons of diet groups from the same generation revealed commonalities in strong responses to rich vs. poor diet: ovariole number, pupal mass, and wing length responded more strongly to poor diet than to rich diet, while development time responded strongly to both rich and poor diets. To improve investigations into the mechanisms and consequences of transgenerational, epigenetic inheritance, future studies should closely examine how phenotypes change across a higher number of generations, and consider responses to broader variability in diet treatments.

DENSITY-DEPENDENT FERTILITY SELECTION IN EXPERIMENTAL POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Genetics ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 849B-869
Author(s):  
Andrew G Clark ◽  
Marcus W Feldman
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Wing Length ◽  
Larval Density ◽  
High Density ◽  
Density Dependent ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Adult Body ◽  
Adult Body Weight ◽  
Mutant Lines

ABSTRACT The effects of larval density on components of fertility fitness were investigated with two mutant lines of Drosophila melanogaster. The differences in adult body weight, wing length, larval survivorship and development time verified that flies reared at high density were resource limited. Experimental results indicate that: (1) relative fecundities of both sexes show density-dependent effects, (2) there is a strong density effect on male and female mating success, and (3) in general, there is a reduction in fecundity differences between genotypes at high density. These results imply that it may be important to consider fertility in models of density-dependent natural selection.

scholarly journals Exploration of teratogenic and genotoxic effects of fruit ripening retardant Alar (Daminozide) on model organism Drosophila melanogaster

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sohini Singha Roy ◽  
Morium Begum ◽  
Sujay Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Life History ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Wing Length ◽  
Mutation Screening ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Hsp70 Protein ◽  
Bristle Number

Abstract Alar (Daminozide) is a plant growth regulator which is widely used as a fruit preservative for apple and mango to prevent pre-harvest fruit drop, promote color development and to delay excessive ripening. The aim of the present work was to demonstrate the effect of Alar on several life history traits, adult morphology, Hsp70 protein expression and in vivo DNA damage in the brain of the model organism Drosophila melanogaster. We assessed the life history and morphological traits including fecundity, developmental time, pupation height, egg-to-adult viability and mean wing length, body length, arista length and sternopleural bristle number of the emerging flies. The results showed a significant delay in the developmental milestones, increase in body length, wing length, arista length, a decrease in fecundity, pupal height and variation in sternopleural bristle number in the treated flies in comparison to the controls. Overexpression of Hsp70 protein suggests alar induced subcellular molecular stress and comet assay validates genotoxicity in the form of DNA damage in the treated larvae. Mutation screening experiment revealed induction of X lined lethal mutation.

Notes on the Life-History of the Onion Maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Meig.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) Reared in Field Cages

1961 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Perron ◽  
J. Lafrance
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Onion Maggot ◽  
Hylemya Antiqua ◽  
Three Generations ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
History Of

The onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Meig), has three distinct generations a year in Canada (Armstrong 1924, Hammond 1924, Baker 1928, Lafrance and Perron 1959), and usually two generations in England (Miles 1955). In Canada the three generations overlap considerably and adults of each generation are observed in flight in late summer (Perron et al. 1953). It is the most important pest of onions (Matthewman et al. 1950, Hudon and Perron 1956), and the first generation is the most injurious to the onion plants (Kendall 1932, Miles 1953).

scholarly journals Maternal and paternal sugar consumption interact to modify offspring life history and physiology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara-Lyn Camilleri-Carter ◽  
Damian K Dowling ◽  
Rebecca Robker ◽  
Matthew Piper
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Life History ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Sugar Consumption ◽  
Paternal Effects ◽  
Intergenerational Effects ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Additive Interactions

Intergenerational effects on offspring phenotypes occur in response to variation in both maternal and paternal nutrition. Because the combined maternal and paternal effects are rarely considered together however, their relative contributions, and the capacity for interactions between parental diets to shape offspring life history and physiology are not understood. To address this, we altered sucrose levels of adult fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) prior to mating, across two generations, producing parent-parent and parent-offspring combinations that were either matched or mismatched in dietary sucrose. We then measured lifespan, fecundity, body mass, and triglyceride levels in parents and offspring. We reveal complex non-additive interactions, that involve diets of each parent and offspring to shape offspring phenotypes, but the effects were generally not consistent with an adaptive response to parental diet. Notably, we find that interacting parental flies (sires and dams) lived longer when their sucrose treatments were matched, but they produced shorter-lived offspring.

scholarly journals THE EFFECTS OF DISRUPTIVE AND STABILIZING SELECTION ON BODY SIZE IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. I. MEAN VALUES AND VARIANCES

Genetics ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 679-693
Author(s):  
M Bos ◽  
W Scharloo
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Wing Length ◽  
Random Mating ◽  
Disruptive Selection ◽  
Temporary Increase ◽  
Stabilizing Selection ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Thorax Length ◽  
Mean Values

ABSTRACT Disruptive and stabilizing selection were applied to thorax and wing length in Drosophila melanogaster. Disruptive selection with negative assortative mating (D-) practiced on thorax length caused a large increase of the phenotypic variance; practiced on wing length the increase was less striking. Disruptive selection with random mating (DR) caused in most lines only a temporary increase in phenotypic variance, but mean values increased considerably. Stabilizing selection (S) on thorax length or wing length did not decrease the phenotypic variance, but the mean value of the selected character declined.—The proportion of flies emerging decreased in all lines, while development time increased. Variance of development time increased in the D--lines. In both D--lines the frequency of flies with an abnormal number of scutellars was high (> 60% in one of the lines) and there was a temporary increase in abnormal segmentation of the abdomen.

The life history and distribution of Neomysis americana (Smith) (Crustacea, Mysidacea) in Passamaquoddy Bay

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 785-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Pezzack ◽  
S. Corey
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Secondary Sexual Characteristics ◽  
Intermolt Period ◽  
Sexual Characteristics ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Passamaquoddy Bay ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
Average Brood

Neomysis americana in Passamaquoddy Bay produces two generations per year. Breeding occurs during the spring, summer, and early fall. Each female is capable of producing two or three broods; average brood sizes for spring and summer females were 45 and 32, respectively. Development time of eggs varied directly with temperature. The intermolt period of juveniles remained constant up to the time of the development of secondary sexual characteristics, between the eighth and ninth molts, and then increased. The life history of N. americana in Passamaquoddy Bay is compared with that in other areas.

scholarly journals Allelic polymorphism at foxo contributes to local adaptation in Drosophila melanogaster

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas J. Betancourt ◽  
Subhash Rajpurohit ◽  
Esra Durmaz ◽  
Daniel K. Fabian ◽  
Martin Kapun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Life History ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Genetic Variance ◽  
Allelic Variation ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Life History Variation ◽  
Starvation Tolerance

AbstractThe insulin insulin-like growth factor signaling pathway has been hypothesized as a major determinant of life history profiles that vary adaptively in natural populations. In Drosophila melanogaster, multiple components of this pathway vary predictably with latitude; this includes foxo, a conserved gene that regulates insulin signaling and has pleiotropic effects on a variety of fitness-associated traits. We hypothesized that allelic variation at foxo underlies genetic variance for traits that vary with latitude and reflect local adaptation. To evaluate this, we generated recombinant outbred populations in which the focal foxo allele was homozygous and fixed for either the allele common at high latitude or low latitude and the genomic background was randomized across 20 inbred lines. After eight generations of recombination, experimental populations were phenotyped for a series of traits related to gene function. Our results demonstrate that natural allelic variation at foxo has major and predictable effects on body size and starvation tolerance, but not on development time. These patterns mirror those observed in natural populations collected across the latitudinal gradient in the eastern U.S.: clines were observed for starvation tolerance and body size, but development time exhibited no association with latitude. Furthermore, differences in size between foxo genotypes were equivalent to those observed between populations sampled from the latitudinal extremes, although contribution to the genetic variance for starvation tolerance was less pronounced. These results suggest that allelic variation at foxo is a major contributor to adaptive patterns of life history variation in natural populations of this genetic model.

scholarly journals Genetic latitudinal adaptation of Drosophila melanogaster: new discriminative biometrical traits between European and equatorial African populations

1977 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. David ◽  
C. Bocquet ◽  
M. de Scheemaeker-Louis
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Wing Length ◽  
Selective Pressure ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Thorax Length ◽  
Adult Weight ◽  
Genotype Analysis ◽  
African Populations ◽  
Ovariole Number

SUMMARYFive biometrical traits (thorax length, wing length and width, sternopleural and abdominal chaetae numbers) were measured on 13 equatorial African strains and 30 French strains. In all cases highly significant differences were observed between the two geographic groups. These results are added to previously known variations concerning adult weight and ovariole number. In each place, the genetic particularities of the wild populations seem to be maintained by the selective pressure from environmental conditions, resulting in a homeostatic focusing of the best fitted average genotype. Analysis within each group showed that variations between strains were in most cases poorly or not correlated, so that partial or total genetic independence between the various traits measured seems likely.

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