scholarly journals II. Some experiments on conductive properties of ice, made in Discovery Bay, 1875-6

1878 ◽  
Vol 27 (185-189) ◽  
pp. 183-189
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Warm Water ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Water Ice ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Conductive Properties ◽  
Made In

In attempting a series of experiments for determining the rate of conduction of heat through sea and fresh-water ice, I have endeavoured as closely as possible to follow the suggestions made by Professor Tyndall in page 84 of the “Scientific Instructions for the Arctic Expedition.” With this view, I have constructed the simple apparatus shown in the diagram. It consists of a wooden baseboard (F F), 29 inches in length by 9 in breadth, on which are fixed two upright wooden battens (NM), standing 24 inches apart, and connected above by a light crosspiece (0 0 ). In the upright battens, at 4 inches above their bases, are apertures 1 1/4 inches square, for the reception of the bar of ice (AA) on which the experiment is made, while a series of thermometers (DDDD) are placed 4 inches apart, secured above to the crosspiece (OO), and having their bulbs imbedded in the icebar below. For the manufacture of ice-bars I had constructed a strong copper tube, 29 inches long by 1 1/8 inches in sectional area, from which on being filled with water, and exposed to a low temperature, bars of fresh or sea-water ice were obtainable. The removal of these bars from the mould was effected by the application of warm water to the outside of the tube, which, melting the surface of the ice-bar, allowed it to be extracted.

scholarly journals Melting of fresh-water ice in sea water

1962 ◽  
Vol 4 (31) ◽  
pp. 134 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Loewe
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Water Ice

scholarly journals On Melting of Fresh-Water Ice In Sea-Water

1961 ◽  
Vol 3 (30) ◽  
pp. 1051-1052
Author(s):  
F. Loewe
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Ice Sheets ◽  
Ice Shelves ◽  
Water Ice

AbstractMelting at the bottom of floating ice shelves may represent an important item in the mass economy of ice sheets. Some earlier studies of the behaviour of fresh-water ice in sea-water at a temperature below 0° C. are quoted.

scholarly journals II. Ice observations

1859 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 609-611 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Water Ice ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
Abundant Evidence ◽  
Domestic Use ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Original Water

The contradictory statements of Dr. Sutherland and Dr. Kane, with regard to the saltness of the ice formed from sea-water,—the former maintaining that sea-water ice contains about one-fourth of the salt of the original water; the latter, that if the cold be sufficiently intense, there will be formed from sea-water a fresh and purer element fit for domestic use,—induced the author to take advantage of his position, as naturalist to the expedition now in the northern seas, to reinvestigate the subject. The changes which he has observed sea-water to undergo in freezing are the following. When the temperature falls below + 28°⋅5, it becomes covered with a thin pellicle of ice; after some time this pellicle becomes thicker and presents a vertically striated structure, similar to that of the ordinary cakes of sal-ammoniac. As the ice further increases in thickness, it becomes more compact, but the lowest portion still retains the striated structure. On the surface of the ice, saline crystals, designated by the author “efflorescence,” soon begin to form, at first few in number and widely separated, but gradually forming into tufts and ultimately covering the whole surface. At first, the increase in thickness of the ice is rapid, but afterwards the rate of growth is much slower and more uniform. The ice formed yields, on being melted, a solution differing in specific gravity according to the temperature at the time of congelation, its density being less, the lower the temperature at which the process of congelation took place. Although the author’s observations extended from + 28°⋅5 to —42°, he was never able to obtain fresh-water from sea-ice, the purest specimen being of specific gravity 1⋅005, and affording abundant evidence of the presence of salts, especially of chloride of sodium, in such quantity as to render it unfit for domestic purposes.

scholarly journals Ice Lithologies and Structure of Ice Island Arlis II

1964 ◽  
Vol 5 (37) ◽  
pp. 17-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
David D. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Glacial Ice ◽  
Water Ice ◽  
Central Block ◽  
The Arctic Ocean

AbstractIce island ARLIS II, which is adrift in the Arctic Ocean, is a 1.3 km. wide and 3.8 km. long fragment of shelf ice 12–25 m. thick, which preserves several structural features heretofore undescribed in ice. The island is composed of an irregular central block of foliated, locally debris-rich, grey glacial ice bordered in part by extensive areas of stratified bluish sea ice. The central block contains a series of narrow, elongate, sub-parallel dike-like septa of massive fresh-water ice and a large tongue-like body of tightly folded, coarse banded ice. Both the septa and the tongue cut across the foliation and debris zones of the grey ice.The margins of the central block are penetrated by a series of elongate, crudely wedge-shaped re-entrants occupied by salients of bluish sea ice. Two broad, arch-like plunging anticlines deform the stratified sea ice along one margin of the block.The foliation and debris zones in the glacial ice are relict features inherited from the source glacier. The septa formed as crevasse and basal fracture fills. Salients represent fills formed in the irregular re-entrants along the margins of the glacial ice mass. The tongue of tightly folded, banded ice represents an earlier generation salient deformed by compressive forces as the fill built up. The broad anticlines are apparently the result of warping in response to differential ablation but the small, tight plunging folds on their noses and limbs are probably the result of compressive forces.

Measurement of thermal conduction within a large fresh water ice block being towed in sea water

1980 ◽  
Vol 1 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 265-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Clifford ◽  
R. Erman ◽  
A. Fuhs ◽  
R. Stolfi
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Thermal Conduction ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Water Ice

scholarly journals Ice Lithologies and Structure of Ice Island Arlis II

1964 ◽  
Vol 5 (37) ◽  
pp. 17-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
David D. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Glacial Ice ◽  
Water Ice ◽  
Central Block ◽  
The Arctic Ocean

Abstract Ice island ARLIS II, which is adrift in the Arctic Ocean, is a 1.3 km. wide and 3.8 km. long fragment of shelf ice 12–25 m. thick, which preserves several structural features heretofore undescribed in ice. The island is composed of an irregular central block of foliated, locally debris-rich, grey glacial ice bordered in part by extensive areas of stratified bluish sea ice. The central block contains a series of narrow, elongate, sub-parallel dike-like septa of massive fresh-water ice and a large tongue-like body of tightly folded, coarse banded ice. Both the septa and the tongue cut across the foliation and debris zones of the grey ice. The margins of the central block are penetrated by a series of elongate, crudely wedge-shaped re-entrants occupied by salients of bluish sea ice. Two broad, arch-like plunging anticlines deform the stratified sea ice along one margin of the block. The foliation and debris zones in the glacial ice are relict features inherited from the source glacier. The septa formed as crevasse and basal fracture fills. Salients represent fills formed in the irregular re-entrants along the margins of the glacial ice mass. The tongue of tightly folded, banded ice represents an earlier generation salient deformed by compressive forces as the fill built up. The broad anticlines are apparently the result of warping in response to differential ablation but the small, tight plunging folds on their noses and limbs are probably the result of compressive forces.

New Light on the Mode of Uplift of the Fish and Fossiliferous Moraines of the Mcmurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica

1965 ◽  
Vol 5 (42) ◽  
pp. 813-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Gow ◽  
W. F. Weeks ◽  
G. Hendrickson ◽  
R. Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Faunal Remains ◽  
Ice Shelf ◽  
Water Ice ◽  
Deep Diving ◽  
Ice Surface ◽  
Fish Remains

Abstract The McMurdo Ice Shelf and associated faunal remains were examined in the vicinity of the easternmost Dailey Island. Stratigraphic, petrographic, and chemical composition studies of cores from two holes drilled through the ice shelf show that at these locations the shelf is composed only of fresh-water ice. Although cores from the deeper hole possessed typically glacial textures throughout, much of the ice from this part of the McMurdo Ice Shelf may have been formed from the freezing of a layer of fresh water found sandwiched between shelf bottom and the underlying sea-water. The existence of fresh water under the ice shelf can most probably be attributed to drainage of surface melt water during the ablation season. There was no evidence to indicate that this part of the McMurdo Ice Shelf is being nourished by the growth of sea ice onto its lower surface. The fish remains found on the ice surface were confined to a narrow zone along the tide crack and are believed to have been left in this vicinity by deep diving seals. The marine invertebrate remains on top of the ice are associated with morainal material and are believed to have been incorporated into the ice at the time of formation of the moraines.

Preliminary Observations on the Ionic Regulation of the Arctic Char Salvelinus Alpinus

1971 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-222
Author(s):  
R. A. ROBERTS
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Salvelinus Alpinus ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Arctic Char ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Total Sodium

1. The degree of euryhalinity in a fresh-water resident population of the arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus, has been determined. 2. Although isolated in fresh water for c. 10000-12000 years these fish still show a high degree of salinity tolerance characteristic of their ancestral stock, but this is variably developed in individuals. 3. In fresh water, blood sodium concentration is regulated at 150 mM/l and chloride at 130 mM/l. These increase to 233 and 218 mm/l respectively in sea water. 4. Fish in sea water show a large increase in muscle sodium, although the potassium concentration is only slightly higher than that maintained in fresh water. The total sodium content of the fish reflects the increase observed in the intracellular and extracellular compartments. 5. The rate of sodium turnover in sea-water-adapted fish is some ten times higher than in fresh-water-adapted fish, although it is significantly lower than that observed in most sea-water-adapted teleosts.

THE DISCOLORATION OF HALIBUT

1929 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 214-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. C. Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Fluorescens ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Ventral Side ◽  
Hippoglossus Hippoglossus ◽  
Water Ice ◽  
Greenish Yellow ◽  
Ultimate Source

The greenish-yellow discoloration of the ventral side of Hippoglossus hippoglossus (Linn.) is described. This discoloration is often accompanied by softness of the flesh, which greatly reduces the value of the fish. The color-producing organism was isolated and identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens; its characteristics are given. Examination of materials from which the halibut might be infected revealed that the ultimate source of the organism was the fresh-water ice in which the fish were packed after being caught. Some sixteen other organisms, isolated from freshly caught living halibut and from sea water, are fully described.

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