scholarly journals Some experiments about freezing, and the difference betwixt common fresh water Ice, and that of sea water: also a probable Conjecture about the original of the Nitre of Ægypt: by Dr. Lister, Fellow of the Royal Society

1685 ◽  
Vol 15 (167) ◽  
pp. 836-838

December 3d 1684 at Night I exposed 4 Glasse bottles in the open aire upon the ground to freeze ; viz., of the Red-Natron Water from Ægypt ;

1962 ◽  
Vol 4 (31) ◽  
pp. 134 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Loewe
Keyword(s):  

1961 ◽  
Vol 3 (30) ◽  
pp. 1051-1052
Author(s):  
F. Loewe

AbstractMelting at the bottom of floating ice shelves may represent an important item in the mass economy of ice sheets. Some earlier studies of the behaviour of fresh-water ice in sea-water at a temperature below 0° C. are quoted.


1859 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 609-611 ◽  

The contradictory statements of Dr. Sutherland and Dr. Kane, with regard to the saltness of the ice formed from sea-water,—the former maintaining that sea-water ice contains about one-fourth of the salt of the original water; the latter, that if the cold be sufficiently intense, there will be formed from sea-water a fresh and purer element fit for domestic use,—induced the author to take advantage of his position, as naturalist to the expedition now in the northern seas, to reinvestigate the subject. The changes which he has observed sea-water to undergo in freezing are the following. When the temperature falls below + 28°⋅5, it becomes covered with a thin pellicle of ice; after some time this pellicle becomes thicker and presents a vertically striated structure, similar to that of the ordinary cakes of sal-ammoniac. As the ice further increases in thickness, it becomes more compact, but the lowest portion still retains the striated structure. On the surface of the ice, saline crystals, designated by the author “efflorescence,” soon begin to form, at first few in number and widely separated, but gradually forming into tufts and ultimately covering the whole surface. At first, the increase in thickness of the ice is rapid, but afterwards the rate of growth is much slower and more uniform. The ice formed yields, on being melted, a solution differing in specific gravity according to the temperature at the time of congelation, its density being less, the lower the temperature at which the process of congelation took place. Although the author’s observations extended from + 28°⋅5 to —42°, he was never able to obtain fresh-water from sea-ice, the purest specimen being of specific gravity 1⋅005, and affording abundant evidence of the presence of salts, especially of chloride of sodium, in such quantity as to render it unfit for domestic purposes.


1980 ◽  
Vol 1 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 265-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Clifford ◽  
R. Erman ◽  
A. Fuhs ◽  
R. Stolfi

1965 ◽  
Vol 5 (42) ◽  
pp. 813-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Gow ◽  
W. F. Weeks ◽  
G. Hendrickson ◽  
R. Rowland

Abstract The McMurdo Ice Shelf and associated faunal remains were examined in the vicinity of the easternmost Dailey Island. Stratigraphic, petrographic, and chemical composition studies of cores from two holes drilled through the ice shelf show that at these locations the shelf is composed only of fresh-water ice. Although cores from the deeper hole possessed typically glacial textures throughout, much of the ice from this part of the McMurdo Ice Shelf may have been formed from the freezing of a layer of fresh water found sandwiched between shelf bottom and the underlying sea-water. The existence of fresh water under the ice shelf can most probably be attributed to drainage of surface melt water during the ablation season. There was no evidence to indicate that this part of the McMurdo Ice Shelf is being nourished by the growth of sea ice onto its lower surface. The fish remains found on the ice surface were confined to a narrow zone along the tide crack and are believed to have been left in this vicinity by deep diving seals. The marine invertebrate remains on top of the ice are associated with morainal material and are believed to have been incorporated into the ice at the time of formation of the moraines.


1929 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 214-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. C. Harrison

The greenish-yellow discoloration of the ventral side of Hippoglossus hippoglossus (Linn.) is described. This discoloration is often accompanied by softness of the flesh, which greatly reduces the value of the fish. The color-producing organism was isolated and identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens; its characteristics are given. Examination of materials from which the halibut might be infected revealed that the ultimate source of the organism was the fresh-water ice in which the fish were packed after being caught. Some sixteen other organisms, isolated from freshly caught living halibut and from sea water, are fully described.


1988 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 68-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin O. Jeffries ◽  
William M. Sackinger ◽  
H. Roy Krouse ◽  
Harold V. Serson

Ice-core drilling and ice-core analysis (electrical conductivity–salinity, 18O, 3H, density) reveal that the internal structure of the west Ward Hunt Ice Shelf contrasts sharply with that of the east ice shelf. The west ice shelf contains a great thickness (≥22 m) of sea ice (mean salinity, 2.22‰; mean δ18O, -0.8‰), whereas the east ice shelf is entirely of meteoric or fresh-water ice (mean salinity 0.01‰; mean δ18O, -29.7‰). High tritium activities are found only in ice from near the bottom of the east and west ice shelves. The contrasting ice-core data is considered to be a proxy record of variations in water circulation and bottom freezing beneath the ice shelf. The west shelf is underlain by sea water flowing into Disraeli Fiord. Sea ice accretes on to the bottom of the west ice shelf from the sea-water flowing into the fiord. Sea-water flowing out of the fiord is directed below the east ice shelf. However, the east ice shelf is not underlain directly by sea-water but by a layer of fresh water from the surface of Disraeli Fiord. In this region, ice growth resulting from the presence of this stable fresh-water layer has been accompanied by surface ablation over a period of perhaps the last 450 years. As a result, fresh-water ice has completely replaced any sea ice that originally grew in the region of the east ice shelf. Whereas the west and east shelves are underlain almost exclusively by sea-water and fresh water, ice in the south shelf is the result of freezing of fresh, brackish or sea water. This is attributed to mixing of the inflowing and outflowing waters.


Author(s):  
M. Yudelman

The world’s supply of water is fixed. It is estimated that 97% of the world’s water exists in the oceans, 2.2% exists as ice and snow, mostly in the polar regions, and only about 0.7% of the total supply is the freshwater that sustains mankind, including the global agricultural system. This quantity of freshwater — around 40,500 km3 — which is the difference between precipitation and evapotranspiration, is continuously replenished by nature’s hydrological cycle. Most climatologists and hydrologists agree that there is no natural process short of climate change, especially global warming, that can increase the world’s rainfall and so the supply of freshwater. The greater the warming, the larger the expected increase in precipitation. One “simple level of analysis” suggests that global warming of 30° C could well lead to a 10% increase in evaporation and an average increase in precipitation of 10%. The biggest increases would be at high latitudes, smaller increases would occur close to the equator (Gleick, 1992). The weight of evidence suggests that this is unlikely to happen within the next several decades (Rosenzweig, 1994). It is an open question, though, as to what might happen in the second half of the next century. There are some manmade processes that can increase the supply of fresh water. One of the most important of these is the conversion of saline water from the ocean into fresh water by removing salt through desalinization or by filtration. Thus far, however, the processes that have been developed are highly energy intensive and costly; the plants presently in operation are mostly in the oil-rich, water-poor nations of the Persian Gulf. It is estimated that there are more than 11,000 desalting plants operating worldwide, but together they produce less than 0.2% of the world’s total fresh water (Postel, 1991). The costs of desalting sea water range currently from about $0.80 to $1.60 m-3, and costs of treating brackish water are about $0.30 m -3, well above the costs of fresh water used for irrigation (Wolf, 1996).


1878 ◽  
Vol 27 (185-189) ◽  
pp. 183-189

In attempting a series of experiments for determining the rate of conduction of heat through sea and fresh-water ice, I have endeavoured as closely as possible to follow the suggestions made by Professor Tyndall in page 84 of the “Scientific Instructions for the Arctic Expedition.” With this view, I have constructed the simple apparatus shown in the diagram. It consists of a wooden baseboard (F F), 29 inches in length by 9 in breadth, on which are fixed two upright wooden battens (NM), standing 24 inches apart, and connected above by a light crosspiece (0 0 ). In the upright battens, at 4 inches above their bases, are apertures 1 1/4 inches square, for the reception of the bar of ice (AA) on which the experiment is made, while a series of thermometers (DDDD) are placed 4 inches apart, secured above to the crosspiece (OO), and having their bulbs imbedded in the icebar below. For the manufacture of ice-bars I had constructed a strong copper tube, 29 inches long by 1 1/8 inches in sectional area, from which on being filled with water, and exposed to a low temperature, bars of fresh or sea-water ice were obtainable. The removal of these bars from the mould was effected by the application of warm water to the outside of the tube, which, melting the surface of the ice-bar, allowed it to be extracted.


1961 ◽  
Vol 3 (30) ◽  
pp. 1051-1052 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Loewe

AbstractMelting at the bottom of floating ice shelves may represent an important item in the mass economy of ice sheets. Some earlier studies of the behaviour of fresh-water ice in sea-water at a temperature below 0° C. are quoted.


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