The effects and consequences of very large explosive volcanic eruptions

2006 ◽  
Vol 364 (1845) ◽  
pp. 2073-2097 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Self
Keyword(s):  
Financial Markets ◽  
Explosive Eruption ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Major Disruption ◽  
Explosive Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Modern Experience ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Large Meteorite

Every now and again Earth experiences tremendous explosive volcanic eruptions, considerably bigger than the largest witnessed in historic times. Those yielding more than 450 km 3 of magma have been called super-eruptions. The record of such eruptions is incomplete; the most recent known example occurred 26 000 years ago. It is more likely that the Earth will next experience a super-eruption than an impact from a large meteorite greater than 1 km in diameter. Depending on where the volcano is located, the effects will be felt globally or at least by a whole hemisphere. Large areas will be devastated by pyroclastic flow deposits, and the more widely dispersed ash falls will be laid down over continent-sized areas. The most widespread effects will be derived from volcanic gases, sulphur gases being particularly important. This gas is converted into sulphuric acid aerosols in the stratosphere and layers of aerosol can cover the global atmosphere within a few weeks to months. These remain for several years and affect atmospheric circulation causing surface temperature to fall in many regions. Effects include temporary reductions in light levels and severe and unseasonable weather (including cool summers and colder-than-normal winters). Some aspects of the understanding and prediction of super-eruptions are problematic because they are well outside modern experience. Our global society is now very different to that affected by past, modest-sized volcanic activity and is highly vulnerable to catastrophic damage of infrastructure by natural disasters. Major disruption of services that society depends upon can be expected for periods of months to, perhaps, years after the next very large explosive eruption and the cost to global financial markets will be high and sustained.

scholarly journals Lightning and electrical activity during the Shiveluch volcano eruption on 16 November 2014

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 871-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris M. Shevtsov ◽  
Pavel P. Firstov ◽  
Nina V. Cherneva ◽  
Robert H. Holzworth ◽  
Renat R. Akbashev
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Data ◽  
Explosive Eruption ◽  
Atmospheric Electricity ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Electric Activity ◽  
Shiveluch Volcano ◽  
Good Opportunity ◽  
Cloud Motion ◽  
Lightning Discharges ◽  
Explosive Volcanic Eruptions

Abstract. According to World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) data, a sequence of lightning discharges was detected which occurred in the area of the explosive eruption of Shiveluch volcano on 16 November 2014 in Kamchatka. Information on the ash cloud motion was confirmed by the measurements of atmospheric electricity, satellite observations and meteorological and seismic data. It was concluded that WWLLN resolution is enough to detect the earlier stage of volcanic explosive eruption when electrification processes develop the most intensively. The lightning method has the undeniable advantage for the fast remote sensing of volcanic electric activity anywhere in the world. There is a good opportunity for the development of WWLLN technology to observe explosive volcanic eruptions.

scholarly journals Volcanically extruded phosphides as an abiotic source of Venusian phosphine

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (29) ◽  
pp. e2021689118
Author(s):  
N. Truong ◽  
J. I. Lunine
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Plate Tectonics ◽  
Redox State ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Aerosol Layer ◽  
Active Volcanism ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Explosive Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Venusian Atmosphere

We hypothesize that trace amounts of phosphides formed in the mantle are a plausible abiotic source of the Venusian phosphine observed by Greaves et al. [Nat. Astron., https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-020-1174-4 (2020)]. In this hypothesis, small amounts of phosphides (P3− bound in metals such as iron), sourced from a deep mantle, are brought to the surface by volcanism. They are then ejected into the atmosphere in the form of volcanic dust by explosive volcanic eruptions, which were invoked by others to explain the episodic changes of sulfur dioxide seen in the atmosphere [Esposito, Science 223, 1072–1074 (1984)]. There they react with sulfuric acid in the aerosol layer to form phosphine (2 P3− + 3H2SO4 = 2PH3 + 3SO42-). We take issue with the conclusion of Bains et al. [arXiv:2009.06499 (2020)] that the volcanic rates for such a mechanism would have to be implausibly high. We consider a mantle with the redox state similar to the Earth, magma originating deep in the mantle—a likely scenario for the origin of plume volcanism on Venus—and episodically high but plausible rates of volcanism on a Venus bereft of plate tectonics. We conclude that volcanism could supply an adequate amount of phosphide to produce phosphine. Our conclusion is supported by remote sensing observations of the Venusian atmosphere and surface that have been interpreted as indicative of currently active volcanism.

scholarly journals The fate of volcanic ash: premature or delayed sedimentation?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Rossi ◽  
Gholamhossein Bagheri ◽  
Frances Beckett ◽  
Costanza Bonadonna
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Theoretical Description ◽  
Particle Sedimentation ◽  
Weather Modeling ◽  
Explosive Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Travel Distances ◽  
Ash Dispersal

AbstractA large amount of volcanic ash produced during explosive volcanic eruptions has been found to sediment as aggregates of various types that typically reduce the associated residence time in the atmosphere (i.e., premature sedimentation). Nonetheless, speculations exist in the literature that aggregation has the potential to also delay particle sedimentation (rafting effect) even though it has been considered unlikely so far. Here, we present the first theoretical description of rafting that demonstrates how delayed sedimentation may not only occur but is probably more common than previously thought. The fate of volcanic ash is here quantified for all kind of observed aggregates. As an application to the case study of the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull volcano (Iceland), we also show how rafting can theoretically increase the travel distances of particles between 138–710 μm. These findings have fundamental implications for hazard assessment of volcanic ash dispersal as well as for weather modeling.

scholarly journals Quantum Genetic Terrain Algorithm (Q-GTA): A Technique to Study the Evolution of the Earth Using Quantum Genetic Algorithm

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Pranjal Sharma ◽  
Ankit Agarwal ◽  
Bhawna Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Isotopic Fractionation ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Temperature Characteristic ◽  
Isotopic Ratios ◽  
Mantle Lithosphere ◽  
Monitoring Networks ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Quantum Genetic Algorithm ◽  
The Earth

In recent years, geologists have put in a lot of effort trying to study the evolution of Earth using different techniques studying rocks, gases, and water at different channels like mantle, lithosphere, and atmosphere. Some of the methods include estimation of heat flux between the atmosphere and sea ice, modeling global temperature changes, and groundwater monitoring networks. That being said, algorithms involving the study of Earth’s evolution have been a debated topic for decades. In addition, there is distinct research on the mantle, lithosphere, and atmosphere using isotopic fractionation, which this paper will take into consideration to form genes at the former stage. This factor of isotopic fractionation could be molded in QGA to study the Earth’s evolution. We combined these factors because the gases containing these isotopes move from mantle to lithosphere or atmosphere through gaps or volcanic eruptions contributing to it. We are likely to use the Rb/Sr and Sm/Nd ratios to study the evolution of these channels. This paper, in general, provides the idea of gathering some information about temperature changes by using isotopic ratios as chromosomes, in QGA the chromosomes depict the characteristic of a generation. Here these ratios depict the temperature characteristic and other steps of QGA would be molded to study these ratios in the form of temperature changes, which would further signify the evolution of Earth based on the study that temperature changes with the change in isotopic ratios. This paper will collect these distinct studies and embed them into an upgraded quantum genetic algorithm called Quantum Genetic Terrain Algorithm or Quantum GTA.

scholarly journals EQUILIBRIUM ASSET RETURNS IN FINANCIAL MARKETS

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (02) ◽  
pp. 1850063 ◽  
Author(s):  
DILIP B. MADAN ◽  
WIM SCHOUTENS
Keyword(s):  
Financial Markets ◽  
Fixed Points ◽  
Asset Prices ◽  
Asset Returns ◽  
Expected Returns ◽  
Response Functions ◽  
Limit Laws ◽  
Return Distributions ◽  
Equilibrium Distributions ◽  
The Cost

Return distributions in the class of pure jump limit laws are observed to reflect numerous asymmetries between the upward and downward motions of asset prices. The return distributions are modeled by self-decomposable parametric laws with all parameters continuously responding to each other. Fixed points of the response functions define equilibrium distributions. The equilibrium distributions that can arise in practice are constrained by the level of return acceptability they may attain. As a consequence, expected returns are equated to risk measured by the cost of purchasing the negative of the centered return. The asymmetries studied include differences in scale, speed, power variation, excitation and cross-excitation.

scholarly journals Revisiting the statistical analysis of pyroclast density and porosity data

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1077-1095 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Bernard ◽  
U. Kueppers ◽  
H. Ortiz
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Large Datasets ◽  
Grain Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Statistical Tools ◽  
Statistical Relevance ◽  
Volcanic Deposits ◽  
Working Groups ◽  
Explosive Volcanic Eruptions

Abstract. Explosive volcanic eruptions are commonly characterized based on a thorough analysis of the generated deposits. Amongst other characteristics in physical volcanology, density and porosity of juvenile clasts are some of the most frequently used characteristics to constrain eruptive dynamics. In this study, we evaluate the sensitivity of density and porosity data and introduce a weighting parameter to correct issues raised by the use of frequency analysis. Results of textural investigation can be biased by clast selection. Using statistical tools as presented here, the meaningfulness of a conclusion can be checked for any dataset easily. This is necessary to define whether or not a sample has met the requirements for statistical relevance, i.e. whether a dataset is large enough to allow for reproducible results. Graphical statistics are used to describe density and porosity distributions, similar to those used for grain-size analysis. This approach helps with the interpretation of volcanic deposits. To illustrate this methodology we chose two large datasets: (1) directed blast deposits of the 3640–3510 BC eruption of Chachimbiro volcano (Ecuador) and (2) block-and-ash-flow deposits of the 1990–1995 eruption of Unzen volcano (Japan). We propose add the use of this analysis for future investigations to check the objectivity of results achieved by different working groups and guarantee the meaningfulness of the interpretation.

scholarly journals Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of A VCR Research Engine Working with Cold Flow Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6S3) ◽  
pp. 2137-2140
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Cold Flow ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Points Of Interest ◽  
Fundamental Goal ◽  
The Cost

The fundamental goal of the task is to exhibit the aftereffects of the computational liquid elements reproduction of an immediate infusion single chamber motor utilizing diesel, biodiesel, or diverse blend extents of diesel and biodiesel and contrast the outcomes with a proving ground estimation in a similar working point. The motor utilized for checking the consequences of the reproduction is a solitary chamber explore motor from AVL with an open motor control unit, so the infusion timings and amounts can be controlled and broke down. In Romania, until the year 2020 all the fuel stations are obliged to have blends of in any event 10% biodiesel in diesel. The principle points of interest utilizing blends of biofuels in diesel are: the way that biodiesel isn't destructive to the earth; so as to utilize biodiesel in your motor no adjustments are required; the cost of biodiesel is littler than diesel and furthermore on the off chance that we contrast biodiesel creation with the great oil based diesel generation, it is more vitality proficient; biodiesel guarantees more oil to the motor so the life of the motor is expanded; biodiesel is a practical fuel; utilizing biodiesel keeps up nature and it keeps the individuals increasingly solid

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