The cardiac innervation of Eledone cirrhosa (Lamarck) (Mollusca: Cephalopoda)

1983 ◽  
Vol 300 (1101) ◽  
pp. 493-511 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Vena Cava ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Octopus Vulgaris ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Cardiac Ganglia ◽  
Fresh Material ◽  
Venae Cavae ◽  
Branchial Heart ◽  
Considerable Individual Variation ◽  
The Right

The innervation to the cardiac organs and vessels of the octopods Eledone cirrhosa, E. moschata and Octopus vulgaris is described from vitally stained fresh material and wax-embedded sections. This innervation arises from the paired visceral nerves and includes two main peripheral ganglia (fusiform and cardiac) on each side. Several new details of the innervation are reported. Nerves supplying the lateral venae cavae arise from the ventricular nerves at the level of the ventricle. Nerve fibres run to the efferent branchial vessels from the cardiac ganglia. A small ganglion, lying on the auriculo-ventricular nerve, is described for some specimens of both species of Eledone , and is named the auricular ganglion. Commissural strands linking the right and left ventricular nerves of either side are found in Eledone , comparable to those previously described from Octopus . The detailed branching pattern of the innervation shows considerable individual variation and consistent interspecific differences. In E. cirrhosa the fine fibres innervating the inner and outer muscle layers of the auricle show distinct differences in their configuration. Innervation at the surface of the ventricular lumen and around the coronary arterial vessels shows evidence of specialization. The muscle of the branchial heart, particularly the valve leaflets at the junction of the heart and the lateral vena cava, is abundantly innervated. The observations are discussed in relation to other cephalopods and to their probable physiological significance. It is suggested that they provide evidence for a greater degree of neural influence in the control of the cardiac organs than is usually supposed and that they support the idea that the lateral venae cavae have a significant role in the generation of circulatory pressures.

The Contribution Of The Branchial Heart to the Accessory Branchial Pump in the Octopoda

1982 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-237
Author(s):  
P.J. S. SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Additional Source ◽  
Venae Cavae ◽  
Branchial Heart ◽  
Branchial Vessel

Experimental and anatomical observations upon the Octopoda suggest that the branchial hearts are not the sole contributors to the increase in venous blood pressure between the anterior vena cava and the afferent branchial vessel. The lateral venae cavae are proposed as an additional source of pressure generation, thus contributing to the octopod accessory branchial pump.

Comprehensive transthoracic cardiac imaging in mice using ultrasound biomicroscopy with anatomical confirmation by magnetic resonance imaging

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Qing Zhou ◽  
F. Stuart Foster ◽  
Brian J. Nieman ◽  
Lorinda Davidson ◽  
X. Josette Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Imaging ◽  
Superior Vena ◽  
Main Pulmonary Artery ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Ventricular Outflow Tract ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Ascending Aorta ◽  
High Frequency Ultrasound ◽  
The Right

High-frequency ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) has recently emerged as a high-resolution means of phenotyping genetically altered mice and has great potential to evaluate the cardiac morphology and hemodynamics of mouse mutants. However, there is no standard procedure of in vivo transthoracic cardiac imaging using UBM to comprehensively phenotype the adult mice. In this paper, the characteristic mouse thoracic anatomy is elucidated using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging on fixed mice. Besides the left parasternal and apical windows commonly used for transthoracic ultrasound cardiac imaging, a very useful right parasternal window is found. We present strategies for optimal visualization using UBM of key cardiac structures including: 1) the right atrial inflow channels such as the right superior vena cava; 2) the right ventricular inflow tract via the tricuspid orifice; 3) the right ventricular outflow tract to the main pulmonary artery; 4) the left atrial inflow channel, e.g., pulmonary vein; 5) the left ventricular inflow tract via the mitral orifice; 6) the left ventricular outflow tract to the ascending aorta; 7) the left coronary artery; and 8) the aortic arch and associated branches. Two-dimensional ultrasound images of these cardiac regions are correlated to similar sections in the three-dimensional MR data set to verify anatomical details of the in vivo UBM imaging. Dimensions of the left ventricle and ascending aorta are measured by M-mode. Flow velocities are recorded using Doppler at six representative intracardiac locations: right superior vena cava, tricuspid orifice, main pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, mitral orifice, and ascending aorta. The methodologies and baseline measurements of inbred mice provide a useful guide for investigators applying the high-frequency ultrasound imaging to mouse cardiac phenotyping.

scholarly journals The Anatomical Correlation between the Internal Venous Vertebral System and the Cranial Venae Cavae in Rabbit

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
David Mazensky ◽  
Eva Petrovova ◽  
Jan Danko
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Azygos Vein ◽  
Anatomical Variations ◽  
Common Trunk ◽  
Corrosion Casting ◽  
Venae Cavae ◽  
New Zealand White Rabbits ◽  
Anatomical Correlation ◽  
The Right

The aim of this study was to describe the possible variations in the connection between the internal venous vertebral system and the cranial vena cava in rabbit using corrosion technique. The study was carried out on 40 adult New Zealand white rabbits. The venous system was injected by using Batson's corrosion casting kit number 17. We found the connection between the internal venous vertebral system and the cranial vena cava by means of the vertebral veins and the right azygos vein. The vertebral vein was present as independent tributary in 36 cases (90%). In the rest of the cases, it was found as being double, being triple, or forming a common trunk with other veins. The azygos vein was present as independent tributary of the cranial vena cava in 39 cases (97.5%). We found also a common trunk formed by the junction of the deep cervical vein, the right vertebral vein, and the azygos vein in one case (2.5%). The azygos vein received 6, 7, 8, or 9 pairs of dorsal intercostal veins. Documenting the anatomical variations in the rabbit will aid in the planning of future experimental studies and determining the clinical relevance on such studies.

scholarly journals Morphology of the cardiovascular system in greater rhea (Rhea americana americana Linnaeus, 1758)

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 174-181
Author(s):  
Hélio Noberto Araújo Júnior ◽  
Ferdinando Vinícius Fernandes Bezerra ◽  
Radan Elvis Matias Oliveira ◽  
Herson Silva Costa ◽  
Gleidson Benevides Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Pulmonary Veins ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Coronary Vein ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Rhea Americana ◽  
Greater Rhea ◽  
The Right

Greater rheas have been the subject of scientific studies in the various areas of veterinary and biology in order to obtain essential information for their captivity management. The aim of this study was to describe the morphology of the greater rhea heart. The 20 animals were incised in sagittal plane, then fixed in 3.7% formaldehyde and dissected after 72 h. In addition, samples from the cardiovascular system were collected, processed for hematoxylin-eosin and Gomori Trichrome Staining. The heart is conical in shape, dark red when fresh and is located between the hepatic lobes. It has two atria and two ventricles, and four valves (left and right atrioventricular, aortic and pulmonary). The aorta and pulmonary trunk emerge at the heart base, while the ostia of the cranial and caudal vena cava emerged from the right atrium and the right and left pulmonary veins and the left coronary vein from the left atrium. From the aorta artery, the right and left coronary arteries arose, which originated, respectively, the superficial and conal branches and the profuse, left ventricular and superficial branches, being responsible for the irrigation of the heart. Microscopically the heart was constituted by simple pavement epithelium, rich in loose connective tissue. The aorta and pulmonary arteries were composed of the intima, middle and adventitial tunics. Thus, it is concluded that the morphological findings of greater rhea resemble those described for other birds such as ostrich and Gallus gallus domesticus.

scholarly journals P187 Multimodality in tuberculous constrictive pericarditis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Leite De Barros Filho ◽  
H T Moreira ◽  
M K Santos ◽  
A Schmidt ◽  
R C Santana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Constrictive Pericarditis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Functional Evaluation ◽  
Initial Image ◽  
The Right ◽  
Active Inflammation ◽  
Pericardial Thickening

Abstract CASE PRESENTATION K.C.P., a 26 y.o. female, presenting dizziness and progressive dyspnea since 9 months ago. Physical examination showed hepatomegaly at 2 centimeters below the right inferior costal border, but without edema, cardiac murmurs or other findings. Electrocardiogram showed atria overload and diffuse ventricular repolarization abnormality. Chest X-ray revealed normal sized cardiac silhouette but with signs of pericardial calcification. Transthoracic echocardiogram revealed: enlargement of both atria, no signs of myocardial left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy; dilated inferior vena cava with minimal respiratory variation; septal bounce; septal e´= 17.20 cm/s, lateral e´= 6.09 cm/s; E/e" septal ratio = 3.9; E deceleration time = 144 ms; thickening and hyper-refringence of the pericardium with calcification adjacent to the lateral and inferior walls of the LV and the free wall of the right ventricle. For evaluation of thickness and extent of pericardial involvement, computed tomography (CT) was performed, showing gross calcifications of the pericardium, mainly in basal and lower portions, without pericardial effusion. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging with late gadolinium enhancement revealed areas suggestive of active inflammation adjacent to the basal wall of the LV. With this evidence of active inflammatory activity, the patient was treated empirically against the etiologic agent for tuberculosis. Because of progressively severe edema and dyspnea pericardiectomy was warranted providing relief of symptoms. DISCUSSION: The echocardiogram is the initial image exam for diagnosis and monitoring of pericardial conditions. It is a widely available, low-cost method that does not use ionizing radiation and allows a complete morphological and functional evaluation of the heart. However, in up to 20% of cases, pericardial thickening may not be detectable at echocardiography. CT allows a more accurate assessment of pericardial thickening, while CMR allows detection of active inflammatory process. CONCLUSION: A typical and illustrative clinical case of constrictive pericarditis is presented, where the multimodality of cardiac imaging was decisive for the diagnostic and therapeutic delineation.

Venoconstriction of hepatic capacitance vessels during hemorrhage in cats: afferent mechanisms

1994 ◽  
Vol 267 (1) ◽  
pp. H1-H10 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. V. Greenway ◽  
I. R. Innes ◽  
G. D. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Superior Vena ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Central Venous ◽  
Venae Cavae ◽  
Hepatic Volume ◽  
Capacitance Vessels ◽  
Hemorrhage Volume ◽  
The Right ◽  
Carotid Arterial ◽  
Volume Decrease

Cats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium were hemorrhaged (1 ml.min-1.kg body wt-1) until arterial pressure declined to 55 mmHg. Hepatic volume was recorded by plethysmography. Hemorrhage volume was 21.1 +/- 4.7 (SD) ml/kg, and hepatic volume declined by 4.0 +/- 1.7 ml/kg. These responses were markedly reduced by four procedures that prevented decreases in carotid arterial and central venous pressures and eliminated vagal conduction. When any three of these four procedures were carried out, the remaining stimulus caused a significant increase in the size of the hepatic volume decrease. The results suggest that arterial receptors (baro- and/or chemoreceptors) in the carotid arterial bed or brain and venous baroreceptors in the right atrium and superior and inferior venae cavae are involved in hepatic capacitance responses to hemorrhage. The responses were linearly related to the stimuli, and hepatic blood volume changed by 1.7 +/- 1.1 and 0.030 +/- 0.016 ml/kg for each 1-mmHg change in venous and carotid arterial pressures, respectively. The maximal responses to these afferent stimuli applied individually were not significantly different (-4.2 +/- 1.8 ml/kg) and were not additive, suggesting overlapping redundant systems. The possibility of baroreceptors in superior vena cava has not previously been documented.

scholarly journals 38 Transcatheter tricuspid valve edge-to-edge repair in patient with severe tricuspid regurgitation and previous mitraclip treatment: when four orifices are better than two

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (Supplement_G) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Antonio Cacia ◽  
Annalisa Mongiardo ◽  
Carmen Anna Maria Spaccarotella ◽  
Fabiola Boccuto ◽  
Serena Serratore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Tricuspid Regurgitation ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Pressure Overload ◽  
Decompensated Heart Failure ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Ventricular Rate ◽  
Guide Catheter ◽  
The Right

Abstract An 82 years old woman was admitted to our Division for worsening dyspnoea. Her past medical history showed: arterial hypertension, chronic atrial fibrillation on oral anticoagulation, a non-critical single-vessel coronary artery disease, previous mitral transcatheter edge-to-edge repair through 2 Mitraclip NTR. After an initial improvement in clinical symptoms following Mitraclip implantation, the patient was admitted several times for acute decompensated heart failure. Haematological exams at admission were normal, exception of NTproBNP (1909 pg/mL). The ECG documented atrial fibrillation with normal ventricular rate. Transthoracic echocardiography demonstrated mid-range heart failure (EF 45–50%) with D-shape morphology of the left ventricle. Colour-doppler analysis shows presence of Mitraclip devices in place with mild residual insufficiency, dilation of the right side, torrential tricuspid regurgitation (tTR) with estimated pulmonary arterial pressure of 45 mmHg. Preprocedural transesophageal echocardiography confirmed these findings showing dilation of the tricuspid annulus with two large regurgitating jets. After positioning Amplatzer Superstiff guide in superior vena cava through guide catheter TSGC0202, a Triclip XT was placed in commissural region between anterior and septal leaflets. A two-grade reduction in tricuspid regurgitation (TR) grade from torrential (5+) to moderate (3+) was achieved without significant transvalvular gradient. The patient was successful discharged after 2 days, asymptomatic and in good clinical conditions. A great reduction in NTproBNP values at discharge was observed (1612 pg/mL). We report a case of successful tricuspid transcatheter repair in patient with chronic decompensated heart failure and previous Mitraclip treatment. The clinical impact of TR reduction is probably due to a positive right ventricular (RV) remodelling, with a reduction in RV size. RV dysfunction and its implications (liver, renal, and haemostatic consequences) are definitely a matter of concern for fragile patients with TR. In fact, many patients with severe TR have a reduced RV function. The reduction in volume and pressure overload of the right heart side, the progressive anatomic and functional reverse of the RV disfunction, may lead to a significant clinical benefit and to a lower hospitalizations rates also through to an important improvement of the left ventricular function as a consequence of the reduction in pressure overload.

Intravascular Ultrasonography

1993 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.-D. Bolz ◽  
H. O. Myhre ◽  
B. A. J. Angelsen ◽  
A. Nordby
Keyword(s):  
Right Atrium ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Anatomic Variation ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Venous System ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Venae Cavae ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Right

The intravascular ultrasonographic findings in normal and diseased veins after transfemoral catheterization of 25 patients are presented. The iliac veins, the inferior and superior vena cava, the renal veins, the right atrium, both brachiocephalic veins, and the right internal jugular vein were studied. In 4 cases valves or valvelike structures were observed. Anatomic variants such as spurs and webs were seen in 3 and mural thrombi or postthrombotic wall changes in 4 patients. In one case a sphincter-like ostium venae cavae was observed. In 2 patients thin filaments within the right atrium, most likely a Chiari net, were seen. Two patients had an abnormal, stratified “artery-like” vessel wall structure. This new imaging modality has several potential applicabilities in the veins and may contribute new information about anatomy and function of the venous system. It provides cross-sectional in vivo visualization and the demonstration of motility of small intraluminal structures which cannot be revealed by traditional diagnostic methods. Because of the wide range of anatomic variation in the venous system, knowledge of its normal intravascular ultrasonographic appearance is a prerequisite for further clinical investigations.

A pulsating ganglion in the Octopoda

1963 ◽  
Vol 157 (969) ◽  
pp. 562-573 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Blood Circulation ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Spherical Body ◽  
Octopus Vulgaris ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Cardiac Ganglion ◽  
Peripheral Muscle ◽  
Branchial Heart ◽  
Irregular Meshes

One of the ganglia connected with the visceral nerves in octopod Cephalopoda has been found to possess the peculiarity of contracting rhythmically with the same frequency as the organs of blood circulation. This ganglion for which the term cardiac ganglion has been adopted (syn. ganglion of the branchial heart, 2nd cardiac ganglion) has been examined in Eledone cirrhosa and Octopus vulgaris . It has been found that the pulsations which can also be observed in an excised ganglion are brought about by contractions of a spherical body situated inside the ganglion and occupying nearly half of its volume. This body for which the term intraganglionar body (abbr. IG body) is proposed is sepa­rated from the rest of the ganglion by a layer of connective tissue and of muscle fibres arranged in bundles running in various directions. Some muscle strands pass from this peripheral coat outwards and mix with the muscles of the vena cava near its entrance into the branchial heart. Inside the peripheral coat the following elements of the IG body can be distinguished: (1) a stroma consisting of connective tissue cells whose expansions form a spongy framework with small irregular meshes; (2) collagen fibres scattered in the stroma; (3) muscle trabeculae running in various directions; (4) blood vessels; (5) nerve fibres. The latter derive from the cells situated outside and among the peripheral muscle bundles; after passing through the peripheral coat they ramify forming a neuropile layer beneath the muscles. At some places several cell axons running in a common bundle ramify close together and breaking up into fine terminations form tree-like tufts with their tops directed inwards. They are often seen coming into contact with the muscle trabeculae. The function of this pulsating intraganglionar body is enigmatic. It may perhaps have neurosecretory properties and the contractions of its muscles may be instrumental either in liberating the products of secretion from the nerve terminations, or in squeezing them out of the ganglion, or in both these actions.

scholarly journals Congenital systemic venous return anomalies to the right atrium review

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
João Diogo Oliveira ◽  
Isa Martins
Keyword(s):  
Right Atrium ◽  
Congenital Anomalies ◽  
Venous Return ◽  
Congenital Abnormalities ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
The Body ◽  
Venae Cavae ◽  
Systemic Venous Return ◽  
The Right

AbstractCongenital anomalies of the systemic venous return to the right atrium are rare and stem from variations in the embryogenesis of the venous system. They are usually asymptomatic, and such the major clinical significance of their recognition is to prevent misdiagnosis, in addition to some having technical implications on invasive procedures.Typically, the venous blood from the upper half of the body is carried by the right-sided, superior vena cava (SVC), and some common congenital abnormalities found are persistent left SVC, SVC duplication, anomalous drainage of the brachiocephalic veins, or interruption of the SVC. The venous blood from the lower body is carried by the right-sided, inferior vena cava (IVC), and some common congenital abnormalities found are left-sided IVC, IVC duplication, the absence of IVC (total or just the infrarenal segment), and azygos continuation of the IVC. The azygos system of veins, running up the side of the thoracic vertebral column, connects both systems and can provide an alternative path to the right atrium when either of the venae cavae is absent. Other associated azygos-hemiazygos system anomalies are the azygos lobe and variable configuration of the azygos and hemiazygos veins.Such anomalies are reviewed with particular respect to their embryology and imagiological presentation, as knowledge of the normal anatomy and the most common congenital anomalies of the systemic venous return by a radiologist is important, being incidentally found.

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