scholarly journals The Anatomical Correlation between the Internal Venous Vertebral System and the Cranial Venae Cavae in Rabbit

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
David Mazensky ◽  
Eva Petrovova ◽  
Jan Danko
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Azygos Vein ◽  
Anatomical Variations ◽  
Common Trunk ◽  
Corrosion Casting ◽  
Venae Cavae ◽  
New Zealand White Rabbits ◽  
Anatomical Correlation ◽  
The Right

The aim of this study was to describe the possible variations in the connection between the internal venous vertebral system and the cranial vena cava in rabbit using corrosion technique. The study was carried out on 40 adult New Zealand white rabbits. The venous system was injected by using Batson's corrosion casting kit number 17. We found the connection between the internal venous vertebral system and the cranial vena cava by means of the vertebral veins and the right azygos vein. The vertebral vein was present as independent tributary in 36 cases (90%). In the rest of the cases, it was found as being double, being triple, or forming a common trunk with other veins. The azygos vein was present as independent tributary of the cranial vena cava in 39 cases (97.5%). We found also a common trunk formed by the junction of the deep cervical vein, the right vertebral vein, and the azygos vein in one case (2.5%). The azygos vein received 6, 7, 8, or 9 pairs of dorsal intercostal veins. Documenting the anatomical variations in the rabbit will aid in the planning of future experimental studies and determining the clinical relevance on such studies.

scholarly journals Anatomical Variation of the Azygos System of Veins - Case Report

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (03) ◽  
pp. 207-209
Author(s):  
Josikwylkson Costa Brito ◽  
Vlademir Lourenço Falcão ◽  
Ana Luisa Castelo Branco Gomes ◽  
Deyvsom Felipe de Sousa Queiroga ◽  
Luciana Karla Viana Barroso
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Superior Vena ◽  
Anatomical Variation ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Variable Structure ◽  
Azygos Vein ◽  
Anatomical Variations ◽  
Surgical Approaches ◽  
Common Trunk ◽  
Hemiazygos Vein

Introduction The azygos system of veins (ASV) is a very variable structure characterized as a communication between the inferior and superior vena cava, having the azygos vein (AV), the hemiazygos vein (HV), and the accessory hemiazygos vein (HAV) as its main components, which are responsible for the mediastinal viscera and for the thoracoabdominal wall drainage. The aim of the present study is to report an anatomical variation found in a male cadaver at the Laboratory of Anatomy of the University Center of UNIFACISA, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. Case Report In the posterior mediastinum, the union of the HV, of the HAV, and of the 8th left posterior intercostal vein formed a common trunk at the level of the left 8th intercostal space, crossing the mediastinum posterior to the aorta artery, ending up in the AV, in the right hemithorax. Conclusion The study of the anatomical variations of the ASV is important and will provide knowledge for physicians not to confuse them with pathological processes in imaging exams. Moreover, it can provide safety in surgical approaches of the thorax.

scholarly journals Anatomical study of the renal veins observed during 342 living-donor nephrectomies

1997 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 1456-1459 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Carlos Costa Baptista-Silva ◽  
Marcos José Veríssimo ◽  
Marcos Joaquim Castro ◽  
André Luiz Guimarães Câmara ◽  
José Osmar Medina Pestana
Keyword(s):  
Renal Vein ◽  
Living Donor ◽  
Inferior Vena ◽  
Left Renal Vein ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Anatomical Variations ◽  
Renal Veins ◽  
Gonadal Vein ◽  
The Right

The anatomical variations of renal veins observed during 342 nephrectomies in living donors are described, 311 cases on the left side and 31 on the right. The following anatomy of the renocava veins was observed: 1. On the left side the renal vein was always unique (311/311) and had two tributaries (suprarenal and gonadal veins) in 100 per cent and one or more renolumbar veins in 65.27 per cent, encircling the aorta in 1.07 per cent, was retroaortic in 1.4 per cent; and the inferior vena cava was double in 0.64 per cent; B- on the right side the renal vein was double in 29 per cent (9/31) and had only one tributary (gonadal vein) in one case, for 3.22 per cent (1/ 31); three or more renal veins in 9.7 per cent (3/31). We concluded that the left renal vein is always unique, presenting variations principally in its tributaries and trajectory. On the right side, the renal vein was double or triple in 38.79 per cent

Venoconstriction of hepatic capacitance vessels during hemorrhage in cats: afferent mechanisms

1994 ◽  
Vol 267 (1) ◽  
pp. H1-H10 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. V. Greenway ◽  
I. R. Innes ◽  
G. D. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Superior Vena ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Central Venous ◽  
Venae Cavae ◽  
Hepatic Volume ◽  
Capacitance Vessels ◽  
Hemorrhage Volume ◽  
The Right ◽  
Carotid Arterial ◽  
Volume Decrease

Cats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium were hemorrhaged (1 ml.min-1.kg body wt-1) until arterial pressure declined to 55 mmHg. Hepatic volume was recorded by plethysmography. Hemorrhage volume was 21.1 +/- 4.7 (SD) ml/kg, and hepatic volume declined by 4.0 +/- 1.7 ml/kg. These responses were markedly reduced by four procedures that prevented decreases in carotid arterial and central venous pressures and eliminated vagal conduction. When any three of these four procedures were carried out, the remaining stimulus caused a significant increase in the size of the hepatic volume decrease. The results suggest that arterial receptors (baro- and/or chemoreceptors) in the carotid arterial bed or brain and venous baroreceptors in the right atrium and superior and inferior venae cavae are involved in hepatic capacitance responses to hemorrhage. The responses were linearly related to the stimuli, and hepatic blood volume changed by 1.7 +/- 1.1 and 0.030 +/- 0.016 ml/kg for each 1-mmHg change in venous and carotid arterial pressures, respectively. The maximal responses to these afferent stimuli applied individually were not significantly different (-4.2 +/- 1.8 ml/kg) and were not additive, suggesting overlapping redundant systems. The possibility of baroreceptors in superior vena cava has not previously been documented.

III. The direct influence of gradual variations of temperature upon the rate of beat of the dog's heart

1883 ◽  
Vol 34 (220-223) ◽  
pp. 444-445
Keyword(s):  
Azygos Vein ◽  
The Body ◽  
Direct Influence ◽  
Venae Cavae ◽  
The Right

In the investigations described, the method of experiment was such as to completely isolate physiologically the heart of the dog from all the rest of the body of the animal, lungs excepted. This was accomplished by occluding the right and left carotid and subclavian arteries, the aorta just beyond the origin of the left subclavian, and ligaturing both venæ cavæ and the azygos vein.

Shunting Between the CVC and Both the Azygos Vein and Thoracic Duct in a Dog with CTDS

2013 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanny Bernardin ◽  
Anne-Laure Freulon ◽  
Romain Rigaud ◽  
Thibault Ribas ◽  
Laetitia Jaillardon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Contrast Echocardiography ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Azygos Vein ◽  
Exercise Intolerance ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Abdominal Ultrasonography ◽  
Vascular Abnormalities ◽  
The Right

A 5 mo old female rottweiler was referred for evaluation of a suspected congenital heart disease. Clinical signs included anorexia, exercise intolerance, and severe loss of body condition. Clinical examination revealed dyspnea, pale mucous membranes, and weak femoral pulses. Pleural and abdominal effusions and iron deficiency anemia were identified. A distended intrathoracic caudal vena cava (CVC) visible on thoracic radiographs suggested that the modified transudate abdominal effusion was the result of improper venous return to the right side of the heart. Cor triatriatum dexter (CTD) was diagnosed via echocardiography but did not explain all the anomalies detected during a contrast echocardiography. Abnormal communications between the CVC and azygos vein and the CVC and thoracic duct were subsequently identified by abdominal ultrasonography and angiography. Medical management with diuretics, iron supplements, and surgical treatment of CTD resulted in normalization of the respiratory rate, the exercise intolerance, and the anemia. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first reported case of CTD associated with shunts between the CTV and both the azygos vein and thoracic duct in dogs. This report emphasizes the importance of presurgical assessment of concurrent thoracic and abdominal congenital vascular abnormalities.

scholarly journals Pulmonary venous abnormalities encountered on pre-radiofrequency ablation mapping multidetector computed tomography

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Cronin ◽  
Aine M. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Radiofrequency Ablation ◽  
Multidetector Computed Tomography ◽  
Venous Return ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Lower Lobe ◽  
Common Trunk ◽  
Ecg Gating ◽  
Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return ◽  
The Right

Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) elegantly renders pulmonary venous anatomy. With increasing numbers of radiofrequency ablation procedures being performed, there is now a greater emphasis on pre-procedure imaging to delineate this anatomy. Pulmonary venous mapping studies can be performed with or without ECG-gating. However, ECG-gating improves both the quality of 3D images and the accuracy of pulmonary vein (PV) ostial diameter measurements. Including the superior thorax, and not just the left atrium and central PVs, allows visualization of aberrant pulmonary venous drainage to the brachiocephalic veins or superior vena cava. Normally, there are two superior PVs, one right and one left, and two inferior PVs, one right and one left. The right superior vein usually drains the right upper and middle lobe. The left superior vein drains the left upper lobe including the lingula. The inferior veins drain their respective lower lobe. PV anatomy is more variable than pulmonary arterial anatomy, and developmental anomalies are common. This article describes, illustrates and reviews the common anomalies of the PVs in our experience performing over 1000-pre-radiofrequency ablation cardiac MDCT studies. The commonest anomalies are supernumerary or accessory veins (on the right) and a (left) common trunk. More rarely, partial anomalous pulmonary venous return and Cor triatriatum are seen, and rarest of all is total anomalous pulmonary venous return, PV varix and single or multiple vein stenosis or atresia.

Unusual Drainage of the Bifurcated Left Renal Vein Into a Dilated Lumbar Azygos Vein and Inferior Vena Cava

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (7) ◽  
pp. 585-588
Author(s):  
Ewa J. Bialek ◽  
Bogdan Malkowski
Keyword(s):  
Inferior Vena Cava ◽  
Renal Vein ◽  
Inferior Vena ◽  
Left Renal Vein ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Azygos Vein ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The Right ◽  
Pelvic Congestion

We report a unique case of unusual drainage of the bifurcated retroaortic left renal vein, with the cranial wider branch draining into a dilated lumbar azygos vein and caudal thinner branch connecting with the inferior vena cava. The right renal vein was duplicated. The anomaly was discovered on multimodal 18F-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography performed for oncological purposes. The basis enabling occurrence of such variation was probably persistent developmental extra left–right venous connections, intercardinal, or intersupracardinal, depending on the theory. The embryology of the chest and abdominal veins is a complicated process and there is no unanimity concerning its concepts. The old models are currently being questioned and reevaluated. Knowledge of possible variants of renal and azygos veins course is important from clinical, imaging, and surgical points of view. The retroaortic left renal veins course may sometimes cause pain, hematuria, proteinuria, and pelvic congestion syndromes. Dilated parts of uncommonly located veins, because of assuming a nodular shape on transverse images, may be mistaken for abnormal lymph nodes, other tumors or aneurysms on imaging. During a variety of surgical procedures, including venous sampling, renal transplantation, or any retroperitoneal surgery, knowledge of an aberrant venous course may be important for the success of the procedure and may be crucial even earlier during the qualification process.

Morphology of the Pattern of Branching of the Aortic Arch in Syrian Hamsters (Mesocricetus Auratus)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamal Nourinezhad ◽  
Reza Ranjbar ◽  
Vahid Rostamizadeh ◽  
Marzieh Norouzi Tabrizinejad ◽  
Abdulaziz Hallak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aortic Arch ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Comparative Morphology ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Common Trunk ◽  
Corrosion Casting ◽  
Syrian Hamsters ◽  
Morphological Variations ◽  
Brachiocephalic Trunk ◽  
The Right

Abstract The branching patterns of the aortic arches of 28 adult male and female Syrian hamsters (SH) were thoroughly examined under a stereomicroscope for the first time by using latex injection and corrosion casting to determine their general arrangements and morphological variations as well as their differences and similarities to other rodents and rabbits. Three major arteries, namely, the brachiocephalic trunk (BC), left common carotid artery (CC) and left subclavian artery (SA), originating from the aortic arch (AR), were uniformly noted in SH. The BC was consistently divided into the right SA and the right CA. SA in SH normally releases the internal thoracic, deep cervical, dorsal scapular, vertebral, superficial cervical and supreme intercostal arteries. The costocervical trunk typically consisted of supreme intercostal and internal thoracic arteries and a common trunk for dorsal scapular and deep cervical arteries. To comprehend the comparative morphology of the pattern of branching of AR more completely, our results were compared with previous studies in rodents and rabbits. (1) The general morphology of the great arteries from AR in SH was similar to that in mole rats, rats, mice, porcupines, and gerbils but was essentially different from that in rabbits, guinea pigs, red squirrels, ground squirrels, pacas and chinchillas. (2) The typical pattern of the branching of the subclavian arteries in SH was similar to that in guinea pigs, rats, and rabbits but was different from that of the reported rodents regardless of the origins of the bronchoesophageal and internal thoracic arteries and the composition of the costocervical trunk.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional Computed Tomography Scan Analysis of Anatomical Variations in the Hepatic Veins

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenli Xu ◽  
Chonghui Li ◽  
Weidong Duan ◽  
Jiahong Dong
Keyword(s):  
Hepatic Vein ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Liver Volume ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Anatomical Variations ◽  
Hepatic Veins ◽  
Common Trunk ◽  
Drainage Volume ◽  
The Right ◽  
Right Hepatic Vein

Abstract Objectives: Hepatic venous anatomy is a significant component of liver segmental anatomy, and its high variability is a challenge for hepatobiliary surgeons. Methods: This was a retrospective study of 98 consecutive patients with no cirrhosis or malignant tumors. IQQA-Liver software was used to display and analyze three-dimensional (3D) images of the hepatic veins and their branches and variations. Results: The average liver volume was 1272.65±322.04 ml;the left hepatic veins drained the smallest parts (21.13±5.41%) of the liver compared with the right (35.58±12.41%) and middle hepatic veins (34.64±8.76%). The most common pattern was that the left hepatic veins shared a common trunk with the middle hepatic veins in 51cases (52.0%). The visualization rate of the inferior right hepatic vein (IRHV) was 43.9%, and its drainage volume was 179.27±128.79 ml. In 11.2% of patients, the drainage volume for the IRHV was larger than for the right hepatic vein (RHV). The patterns of the left hepatic and middle hepatic veins were also observed and classified. Umbilical hepatic veins appeared in 75cases (76.5%), and anterior fissure hepatic veins appeared in 74 cases (75.5%).The rate of the presence of a separate segment 4 vein was 15.3%, and 77 patients had obvious superficial veins. There was a statistically significant correlation between the diameter of the IRHVs and the drainage volume of the IRHVs and RHVs. Conclusion: More detailed information about the anatomical features and variations of hepatic venous veins in Chinese people was provided using 3D reconstructions, and this will assist in more precise liver surgeries.

The cardiac innervation of Eledone cirrhosa (Lamarck) (Mollusca: Cephalopoda)

1983 ◽  
Vol 300 (1101) ◽  
pp. 493-511 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Vena Cava ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Octopus Vulgaris ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Cardiac Ganglia ◽  
Fresh Material ◽  
Venae Cavae ◽  
Branchial Heart ◽  
Considerable Individual Variation ◽  
The Right

The innervation to the cardiac organs and vessels of the octopods Eledone cirrhosa, E. moschata and Octopus vulgaris is described from vitally stained fresh material and wax-embedded sections. This innervation arises from the paired visceral nerves and includes two main peripheral ganglia (fusiform and cardiac) on each side. Several new details of the innervation are reported. Nerves supplying the lateral venae cavae arise from the ventricular nerves at the level of the ventricle. Nerve fibres run to the efferent branchial vessels from the cardiac ganglia. A small ganglion, lying on the auriculo-ventricular nerve, is described for some specimens of both species of Eledone , and is named the auricular ganglion. Commissural strands linking the right and left ventricular nerves of either side are found in Eledone , comparable to those previously described from Octopus . The detailed branching pattern of the innervation shows considerable individual variation and consistent interspecific differences. In E. cirrhosa the fine fibres innervating the inner and outer muscle layers of the auricle show distinct differences in their configuration. Innervation at the surface of the ventricular lumen and around the coronary arterial vessels shows evidence of specialization. The muscle of the branchial heart, particularly the valve leaflets at the junction of the heart and the lateral vena cava, is abundantly innervated. The observations are discussed in relation to other cephalopods and to their probable physiological significance. It is suggested that they provide evidence for a greater degree of neural influence in the control of the cardiac organs than is usually supposed and that they support the idea that the lateral venae cavae have a significant role in the generation of circulatory pressures.

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