Defining disruptive coloration and distinguishing its functions

Disruptive coloration breaks up the shape and destroys the outline of an object, hindering detection. The principle was first suggested approximately a century ago, but, although research has significantly increased, the field remains conceptually unstructured and no unambiguous definition exists. This has resulted in variable use of the term, making it difficult to formulate testable hypotheses that are comparable between studies, slowing down advancement in this field. Related to this, a range of studies do not effectively distinguish between disruption and other forms of camouflage. Here, we give a formal definition of disruptive coloration, reorganize a range of sub-principles involved in camouflage and argue that five in particular are specifically related to disruption: differential blending; maximum disruptive contrast; disruption of surface through false edges; disruptive marginal patterns; and coincident disruptive coloration. We discuss how disruptive coloration can be optimized, how it can relate to other forms of camouflage markings and where future work is particularly needed.

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A formal definition of the biogeographic Paramo-Punan subregion and its provinces, based mainly on animal taxa

Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ◽

10.22179/revmacn.3.105 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Juan Morrone

Keyword(s):

Formal Definition ◽

Definition Of

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A Formal Definition of Logic Topology for All-to-One Reduces in Distributed Memory Parallel Computing

2009 International Conference on Intelligent Human-Machine Systems and Cybernetics ◽

10.1109/ihmsc.2009.241 ◽

2009 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yuqing Xiong

Keyword(s):

Parallel Computing ◽

Distributed Memory ◽

Formal Definition ◽

Logic Topology ◽

Definition Of

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Students’ Understanding on Formal Definition of Limit

Journal of Physics Conference Series ◽

10.1088/1742-6596/1752/1/012082 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1752 (1) ◽

pp. 012082

Author(s):

Nurdin ◽

S F Assagaf ◽

F Arwadi

Keyword(s):

Formal Definition ◽

Definition Of

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Differential Co-Expression Analyses Allow the Identification of Critical Signalling Pathways Altered during Tumour Transformation and Progression

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21249461 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (24) ◽

pp. 9461

Author(s):

Aurora Savino ◽

Paolo Provero ◽

Valeria Poli

Keyword(s):

Cancer Biology ◽

Regulatory Networks ◽

Tumour Progression ◽

External Perturbation ◽

Data Types ◽

Differential Gene ◽

Gene Regulatory ◽

Experimental Validations ◽

Definition Of ◽

Future Work

Biological systems respond to perturbations through the rewiring of molecular interactions, organised in gene regulatory networks (GRNs). Among these, the increasingly high availability of transcriptomic data makes gene co-expression networks the most exploited ones. Differential co-expression networks are useful tools to identify changes in response to an external perturbation, such as mutations predisposing to cancer development, and leading to changes in the activity of gene expression regulators or signalling. They can help explain the robustness of cancer cells to perturbations and identify promising candidates for targeted therapy, moreover providing higher specificity with respect to standard co-expression methods. Here, we comprehensively review the literature about the methods developed to assess differential co-expression and their applications to cancer biology. Via the comparison of normal and diseased conditions and of different tumour stages, studies based on these methods led to the definition of pathways involved in gene network reorganisation upon oncogenes’ mutations and tumour progression, often converging on immune system signalling. A relevant implementation still lagging behind is the integration of different data types, which would greatly improve network interpretability. Most importantly, performance and predictivity evaluation of the large variety of mathematical models proposed would urgently require experimental validations and systematic comparisons. We believe that future work on differential gene co-expression networks, complemented with additional omics data and experimentally tested, will considerably improve our insights into the biology of tumours.

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Diagnosis Rule Discovery Based on Causality in the Context of Fault Diagnosis in Rotating Machinery

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.532.113 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 532 ◽

pp. 113-117

Author(s):

Zhou Jin ◽

Ru Jing Wang ◽

Jie Zhang

Keyword(s):

Fault Diagnosis ◽

General Framework ◽

Complex Structure ◽

Rotating Machinery ◽

Massive Data ◽

Formal Definition ◽

Rule Discovery ◽

Rule Based ◽

Simple Implementation ◽

Definition Of

The rotating machineries in a factory usually have the characteristics of complex structure and highly automated logic, which generated a large amounts of monitoring data. It is an infeasible task for uses to deal with the massive data and locate fault timely. In this paper, we explore the causality between symptom and fault in the context of fault diagnosis in rotating machinery. We introduce data mining into fault diagnosis and provide a formal definition of causal diagnosis rule based on statistic test. A general framework for diagnosis rule discovery based on causality is provided and a simple implementation is explored with the purpose of providing some enlightenment to the application of causality discovery in fault diagnosis of rotating machinery.

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Time to Harmonize Dengue Nomenclature and Classification

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v10100569 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 569 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Lize Cuypers ◽

Pieter Libin ◽

Peter Simmonds ◽

Ann Nowé ◽

Jorge Muñoz-Jordán ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Dengue Virus ◽

Classification System ◽

Formal Definition ◽

Classification Procedure ◽

Genotype 2 ◽

Global Spread ◽

Significant Burden ◽

Definition Of ◽

Epidemiological Characteristics

Dengue virus (DENV) is estimated to cause 390 million infections per year worldwide. A quarter of these infections manifest clinically and are associated with a morbidity and mortality that put a significant burden on the affected regions. Reports of increased frequency, intensity, and extended geographical range of outbreaks highlight the virus’s ongoing global spread. Persistent transmission in endemic areas and the emergence in territories formerly devoid of transmission have shaped DENV’s current genetic diversity and divergence. This genetic layout is hierarchically organized in serotypes, genotypes, and sub-genotypic clades. While serotypes are well defined, the genotype nomenclature and classification system lack consistency, which complicates a broader analysis of their clinical and epidemiological characteristics. We identify five key challenges: (1) Currently, there is no formal definition of a DENV genotype; (2) Two different nomenclature systems are used in parallel, which causes significant confusion; (3) A standardized classification procedure is lacking so far; (4) No formal definition of sub-genotypic clades is in place; (5) There is no consensus on how to report antigenic diversity. Therefore, we believe that the time is right to re-evaluate DENV genetic diversity in an essential effort to provide harmonization across DENV studies.

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Concepts of Augmented Image Space and Transformed Feature Space for Efficient Visual Servoing of an “Eye-in-Hand Robot”

Robotica ◽

10.1017/s0263574700010250 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 203-212 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Won Jang ◽

Kyungjin Kim ◽

Myungjin Chung ◽

Zeungnam Bien

Keyword(s):

Visual Feedback ◽

Visual Servoing ◽

Industrial Robot ◽

Robot Vision ◽

Feature Space ◽

Image Features ◽

Image Space ◽

Formal Definition ◽

Computational Burden ◽

Definition Of

SUMMARYFor efficient visual servoing of an “eye-in-hand” robot, the concepts of Augmented Image Space and Transformed Feature Space are presented in the paper. A formal definition of image features as functionals is given along with a technique to use defined image features for visual servoing. Compared with other known methods, the proposed concepts reduce the computational burden for visual feedback, and enhance the flexibility in describing the vision-based task. Simulations and real experiments demonstrate that the proposed concepts are useful and versatile tools for the industrial robot vision tasks, and thus the visual servoing problem can be dealt with more systematically.

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