scholarly journals Time to Harmonize Dengue Nomenclature and Classification

Viruses ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lize Cuypers ◽  
Pieter Libin ◽  
Peter Simmonds ◽  
Ann Nowé ◽  
Jorge Muñoz-Jordán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Formal Definition ◽  
Classification Procedure ◽  
Genotype 2 ◽  
Global Spread ◽  
Significant Burden ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Dengue virus (DENV) is estimated to cause 390 million infections per year worldwide. A quarter of these infections manifest clinically and are associated with a morbidity and mortality that put a significant burden on the affected regions. Reports of increased frequency, intensity, and extended geographical range of outbreaks highlight the virus’s ongoing global spread. Persistent transmission in endemic areas and the emergence in territories formerly devoid of transmission have shaped DENV’s current genetic diversity and divergence. This genetic layout is hierarchically organized in serotypes, genotypes, and sub-genotypic clades. While serotypes are well defined, the genotype nomenclature and classification system lack consistency, which complicates a broader analysis of their clinical and epidemiological characteristics. We identify five key challenges: (1) Currently, there is no formal definition of a DENV genotype; (2) Two different nomenclature systems are used in parallel, which causes significant confusion; (3) A standardized classification procedure is lacking so far; (4) No formal definition of sub-genotypic clades is in place; (5) There is no consensus on how to report antigenic diversity. Therefore, we believe that the time is right to re-evaluate DENV genetic diversity in an essential effort to provide harmonization across DENV studies.

scholarly journals Nationwide Distribution of Dengue Virus Type 3 (DENV-3) Genotype I and Emergence of DENV-3 Genotype III during the 2019 Outbreak in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Snigdha Rahman Titir ◽  
Shyamal Kumar Paul ◽  
Salma Ahmed ◽  
Nazia Haque ◽  
Syeda Anjuman Nasreen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Endemic Region ◽  
Genotype I ◽  
Genotype Iii ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Dengue Virus Type 3 ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Bangladesh is an endemic region of dengue fever and experienced an unprecedented large outbreak with more than 100,000 confirmed cases in 2019. To understand the prevalence of dengue antibody in patients and molecular epidemiological characteristics of dengue virus (DENV) in this outbreak, a total of 179 blood samples were collected from patients in 10 districts (seven divisions) covering nearly the whole country from August to December 2019. DENV NS-1 was detected in 162 samples, among which DENV-specific IgM was positive in 119 samples (73.5%), including 60.5% samples also positive for DENV-specific IgG. Sequencing of the partial C-prM gene and its phylogenetic analysis revealed predominance of DENV type 3 genotype I, accounting for 93% of samples examined. DENV-3 genotype III was identified in two samples from separate districts, and only one DENV-2 cosmopolitan genotype was found in the capital city, Dhaka. These findings suggest the predominance of DENV-3 genotype I and occurrence of DENV-3 genotype III, associated with increased incidence of recent secondary infection in Bangladesh in 2019.

scholarly journals Students’ Understanding on Formal Definition of Limit

2021 ◽  
Vol 1752 (1) ◽  
pp. 012082
Author(s):  
Nurdin ◽  
S F Assagaf ◽  
F Arwadi
Keyword(s):  
Formal Definition ◽  
Definition Of

scholarly journals The Epidemiological Characteristics of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Europe: Focus on Italy

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 2942
Author(s):  
Giovanni Gabutti ◽  
Erica d’Anchera ◽  
Francesco De Motoli ◽  
Marta Savio ◽  
Armando Stefanati
Keyword(s):  
Social Structures ◽  
World Population ◽  
European Continent ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Reporting Systems ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

Starting from December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has forcefully entered our lives and profoundly changed all the habits of the world population. The COVID-19 pandemic has violently impacted the European continent, first involving only some European countries, Italy in particular, and then spreading to all member states, albeit in different ways and times. The ways SARS-CoV-2 spreads are still partly unknown; to quantify and adequately respond to the pandemic, various parameters and reporting systems have been introduced at national and European levels to promptly recognize the most alarming epidemiological situations and therefore limit the impact of the virus on the health of the population. The relevant key points to implement adequate measures to face the epidemic include identifying the population groups most involved in terms of morbidity and mortality, identifying the events mostly related to the spreading of the virus and recognizing the various viral mutations. The main objective of this work is to summarize the epidemiological situation of the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe and Italy almost a year after the first reported case in our continent. The secondary objectives include the definition of the epidemiological parameters used to monitor the epidemic, the explanation of superspreading events and the description of how the epidemic has impacted on health and social structures, with a particular focus on Italy.

Diagnosis Rule Discovery Based on Causality in the Context of Fault Diagnosis in Rotating Machinery

2014 ◽  
Vol 532 ◽  
pp. 113-117
Author(s):  
Zhou Jin ◽  
Ru Jing Wang ◽  
Jie Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Fault Diagnosis ◽  
General Framework ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Rotating Machinery ◽  
Massive Data ◽  
Formal Definition ◽  
Rule Discovery ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Simple Implementation ◽  
Definition Of

The rotating machineries in a factory usually have the characteristics of complex structure and highly automated logic, which generated a large amounts of monitoring data. It is an infeasible task for uses to deal with the massive data and locate fault timely. In this paper, we explore the causality between symptom and fault in the context of fault diagnosis in rotating machinery. We introduce data mining into fault diagnosis and provide a formal definition of causal diagnosis rule based on statistic test. A general framework for diagnosis rule discovery based on causality is provided and a simple implementation is explored with the purpose of providing some enlightenment to the application of causality discovery in fault diagnosis of rotating machinery.

Concepts of Augmented Image Space and Transformed Feature Space for Efficient Visual Servoing of an “Eye-in-Hand Robot”

Robotica ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Won Jang ◽  
Kyungjin Kim ◽  
Myungjin Chung ◽  
Zeungnam Bien
Keyword(s):  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Visual Servoing ◽  
Industrial Robot ◽  
Robot Vision ◽  
Feature Space ◽  
Image Features ◽  
Image Space ◽  
Formal Definition ◽  
Computational Burden ◽  
Definition Of

SUMMARYFor efficient visual servoing of an “eye-in-hand” robot, the concepts of Augmented Image Space and Transformed Feature Space are presented in the paper. A formal definition of image features as functionals is given along with a technique to use defined image features for visual servoing. Compared with other known methods, the proposed concepts reduce the computational burden for visual feedback, and enhance the flexibility in describing the vision-based task. Simulations and real experiments demonstrate that the proposed concepts are useful and versatile tools for the industrial robot vision tasks, and thus the visual servoing problem can be dealt with more systematically.

Notes on providing a formal definition of equivalence

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 143-148
Author(s):  
Gabrielle Martino
Keyword(s):  
Formal Definition ◽  
Definition Of

scholarly journals The formal definition of reference priors

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 905-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
James O. Berger ◽  
José M. Bernardo ◽  
Dongchu Sun
Keyword(s):  
Formal Definition ◽  
Reference Priors ◽  
Definition Of
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