scholarly journals Feature-based attention: it is all bottom-up priming

2013 ◽  
Vol 368 (1628) ◽  
pp. 20130055 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Theeuwes
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Specific Stimulus ◽  
Image Characteristics ◽  
Feature Based ◽  
Neuro Imaging ◽  
Rule Out

Feature-based attention (FBA) enhances the representation of image characteristics throughout the visual field, a mechanism that is particularly useful when searching for a specific stimulus feature. Even though most theories of visual search implicitly or explicitly assume that FBA is under top-down control, we argue that the role of top-down processing in FBA may be limited. Our review of the literature indicates that all behavioural and neuro-imaging studies investigating FBA suffer from the shortcoming that they cannot rule out an effect of priming. The mere attending to a feature enhances the mandatory processing of that feature across the visual field, an effect that is likely to occur in an automatic, bottom-up way. Studies that have investigated the feasibility of FBA by means of cueing paradigms suggest that the role of top-down processing in FBA is limited (e.g. prepare for red). Instead, the actual processing of the stimulus is needed to cause the mandatory tuning of responses throughout the visual field. We conclude that it is likely that all FBA effects reported previously are the result of bottom-up priming.

scholarly journals Causal Evidence for the Role of Neuronal Oscillations in Top–Down and Bottom–Up Attention

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 768-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Riddle ◽  
Kai Hwang ◽  
Dillan Cellier ◽  
Sofia Dhanani ◽  
Mark D'Esposito
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Conjunction Search ◽  
Intraparietal Sulcus ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Neuronal Oscillations ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Search Condition ◽  
Gamma Frequency ◽  
Task Conditions ◽  
Beta Frequency

Beta and gamma frequency neuronal oscillations have been implicated in top–down and bottom–up attention. In this study, we used rhythmic TMS to modulate ongoing beta and gamma frequency neuronal oscillations in frontal and parietal cortex while human participants performed a visual search task that manipulates bottom–up and top–down attention (single feature and conjunction search). Both task conditions will engage bottom–up attention processes, although the conjunction search condition will require more top–down attention. Gamma frequency TMS to superior precentral sulcus (sPCS) slowed saccadic RTs during both task conditions and induced a response bias to the contralateral visual field. In contrary, beta frequency TMS to sPCS and intraparietal sulcus decreased search accuracy only during the conjunction search condition that engaged more top–down attention. Furthermore, beta frequency TMS increased trial errors specifically when the target was in the ipsilateral visual field for the conjunction search condition. These results indicate that beta frequency TMS to sPCS and intraparietal sulcus disrupted top–down attention, whereas gamma frequency TMS to sPCS disrupted bottom–up, stimulus-driven attention processes. These findings provide causal evidence suggesting that beta and gamma oscillations have distinct functional roles for cognition.

Sensory regulation of quadrupedal locomotion: a top-down or bottom-up control system?

2012 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 709-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yann Thibaudier ◽  
Marie-France Hurteau
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Central Pattern Generators ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
Sensory Regulation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Pattern Generators

Propriospinal pathways are thought to be critical for quadrupedal coordination by coupling cervical and lumbar central pattern generators (CPGs). However, the mechanisms involved in relaying information between girdles remain largely unexplored. Using an in vitro spinal cord preparation in neonatal rats, Juvin and colleagues ( Juvin et al. 2012 ) have recently shown sensory inputs from the hindlimbs have greater influence on forelimb CPGs than forelimb sensory inputs on hindlimb CPGs, in other words, a bottom-up control system. However, results from decerebrate cats suggest a top-down control system. It may be that both bottom-up and top-down control systems exist and that the dominance of one over the other is task or context dependent. As such, the role of sensory inputs in controlling quadrupedal coordination before and after injury requires further investigation.

Role of top-down and bottom-up forces on the invasibility of intertidal macroalgal assemblages

2013 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 178-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fátima Vaz-Pinto ◽  
Celia Olabarria ◽  
Francisco Arenas
Keyword(s):  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up

Computational Models of Learning Mechanisms in Psychosis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Heinz
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
The Self ◽  
Psychotic Experiences ◽  
Learning Mechanisms ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Surrounding World

Psychotic experiences may best be described as an alteration in the self-ascription of thoughts and actions, which is associated with a profoundly altered experience of oneself and the surrounding world. Computational models of key symptoms of psychiatric disorders are discussed with respect to the attribution of salience and self-relatedness to otherwise irrelevant stimuli and the role of top-down modelling in the generation of delusions. Top-down and bottom-up approaches in understanding mental disorders and their computational models are compared and critically reflected.

The role of the third sector working with the hard and soft structures of public–private partnerships to promote individual health and reinvigorated, healthier communities

2020 ◽  
pp. 301-318
Author(s):  
Tony Chasteauneuf ◽  
Tony Thornton ◽  
Dean Pallant
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Local Authority ◽  
Third Sector ◽  
Public Private Partnerships ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Third ◽  
Individual Health ◽  
The Third Sector

This chapter discusses the role of the third sector working with the hard and soft structures of public–private partnerships to promote healthier individuals and communities. It considers how a recommitment to the 'local authority' of citizens and beneficiaries offers the possibility of revitalised and healthier individuals and reinvigorated and healthier communities, which are unachievable through the hard and soft structures of the commissioner/provider statutory approach. The chapter then identifies the pivotal dynamic of one-to-one relationships in these processes and their association with health outcomes (emotional, physical, and spiritual) alongside the opportunities and challenges in agencies engaging/re-engaging with the agency of citizens and beneficiaries. It explores the tension between the 'agency' of citizens and beneficiaries that constitutes bottom-up power and 'agencies' with top-down power. The chapter also looks at the benefits of embracing the expertise and investment of individuals and their communities in their personal and shared lives, how this can be supported and how it can be undermined.

Tourism as a Pathway to the Good Life: Comparing the Top–Down and Bottom–Up Effects

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 866-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Chu Chen ◽  
Sukjoon Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Good Life ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
The Good Life ◽  
Novelty Seeking ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up

This research examined the relationships among tourism, well-being, and novelty-seeking as a personality trait based on the top–down and bottom–up theories of well-being. A structural model that includes a direct effect of novelty-seeking on life satisfaction (top–down influence) and an indirect effect through tourism experiences (bottom–up influence) were proposed and tested using a sample of 556 American residents. Results showed that novelty-seekers were well aware of travel benefits and traveled more frequently. It was also found that the top–down influence of novelty-seeking on life satisfaction was significantly greater than the bottom–up influence. These findings highlight the crucial role of personality as a predictor of well-being as well as the importance of applying positive psychology principles to further enhance the potential contribution of tourism experiences to tourists’ well-being.

The Move towards Gender Equality and Political Participation in Jordan

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-224
Author(s):  
Schirin Fathi
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Social Contract ◽  
Special Consideration ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Societal Development ◽  
Special Circumstances ◽  
Women's Political Participation

Abstract This paper aims to trace the development of women’s political participation in Jordan and the efforts exerted in a top-down and bottom-up approach towards gender equality. Special consideration is accorded to the constitution, in its function as a social contract mirroring societal developments and the role of the monarchy and its available tools to influence decisions and nudge societal development in ways deemed necessary. At the same time the constraints imposed on Jordan due to its special circumstances are pinpointed.

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