scholarly journals Twenty-five thousand years of fluctuating selection on leopard complex spotting and congenital night blindness in horses

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 (1660) ◽  
pp. 20130386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne Ludwig ◽  
Monika Reissmann ◽  
Norbert Benecke ◽  
Rebecca Bellone ◽  
Edson Sandoval-Castellanos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Night Blindness ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽  
Fluctuating Selection ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Domestic Horses ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Frequency Changes ◽  
Approximate Bayesian

Leopard complex spotting is inherited by the incompletely dominant locus, LP , which also causes congenital stationary night blindness in homozygous horses. We investigated an associated single nucleotide polymorphism in the TRPM1 gene in 96 archaeological bones from 31 localities from Late Pleistocene (approx. 17 000 YBP) to medieval times. The first genetic evidence of LP spotting in Europe dates back to the Pleistocene. We tested for temporal changes in the LP associated allele frequency and estimated coefficients of selection by means of approximate Bayesian computation analyses. Our results show that at least some of the observed frequency changes are congruent with shifts in artificial selection pressure for the leopard complex spotting phenotype. In early domestic horses from Kirklareli–Kanligecit (Turkey) dating to 2700–2200 BC, a remarkably high number of leopard spotted horses (six of 10 individuals) was detected including one adult homozygote. However, LP seems to have largely disappeared during the late Bronze Age, suggesting selection against this phenotype in early domestic horses. During the Iron Age, LP reappeared, probably by reintroduction into the domestic gene pool from wild animals. This picture of alternating selective regimes might explain how genetic diversity was maintained in domestic animals despite selection for specific traits at different times.

scholarly journals Ancient DNA shows domestic horses were introduced in the southern Caucasus and Anatolia during the Bronze Age

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (38) ◽  
pp. eabb0030
Author(s):  
Silvia Guimaraes ◽  
Benjamin S. Arbuckle ◽  
Joris Peters ◽  
Sarah E. Adcock ◽  
Hijlke Buitenhuis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Early Neolithic ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Domestic Horses ◽  
Third Millennium Bce ◽  
History Of ◽  
Southern Caucasus ◽  
The Bronze Age

Despite the important roles that horses have played in human history, particularly in the spread of languages and cultures, and correspondingly intensive research on this topic, the origin of domestic horses remains elusive. Several domestication centers have been hypothesized, but most of these have been invalidated through recent paleogenetic studies. Anatolia is a region with an extended history of horse exploitation that has been considered a candidate for the origins of domestic horses but has never been subject to detailed investigation. Our paleogenetic study of pre- and protohistoric horses in Anatolia and the Caucasus, based on a diachronic sample from the early Neolithic to the Iron Age (~8000 to ~1000 BCE) that encompasses the presumed transition from wild to domestic horses (4000 to 3000 BCE), shows the rapid and large-scale introduction of domestic horses at the end of the third millennium BCE. Thus, our results argue strongly against autochthonous independent domestication of horses in Anatolia.

scholarly journals QTL Mapping and Candidate Gene Analysis for Pod Shattering Tolerance in Soybean (Glycine max)

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1163
Author(s):  
Jeong-Hyun Seo ◽  
Beom-Kyu Kang ◽  
Sanjeev K. Dhungana ◽  
Jae-Hyeon Oh ◽  
Man-Soo Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stages ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Reproductive Process ◽  
Pod Shattering ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Elite Cultivar ◽  
Variance Explained

Pod shattering is an important reproductive process in many wild species. However, pod shattering at the maturing stage can result in severe yield loss. The objectives of this study were to discover quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for pod shattering using two recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations derived from an elite cultivar having pod shattering tolerance, namely “Daewonkong”, and to predict novel candidate QTL/genes involved in pod shattering based on their allele patterns. We found several QTLs with more than 10% phenotypic variance explained (PVE) on seven different chromosomes and found a novel candidate QTL on chromosome 16 (qPS-DS16-1) from the allele patterns in the QTL region. Out of the 41 annotated genes in the QTL region, six were found to contain SNP (single-nucleotide polymorphism)/indel variations in the coding sequence of the parents compared to the soybean reference genome. Among the six potential candidate genes, Glyma.16g076600, one of the genes with known function, showed a highly differential expression levels between the tolerant and susceptible parents in the growth stages R3 to R6. Further, Glyma.16g076600 is a homolog of AT4G19230 in Arabidopsis, whose function is related to abscisic acid catabolism. The results provide useful information to understand the genetic mechanism of pod shattering and could be used for improving the efficiency of marker-assisted selection for developing varieties of soybeans tolerant to pod shattering.

scholarly journals A method for single nucleotide polymorphism selection for parentage assessment in goats

2016 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 3646-3653 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Talenti ◽  
E.L. Nicolazzi ◽  
S. Chessa ◽  
S. Frattini ◽  
R. Moretti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Selection ◽  
Selection For

A Theatre of Imagery: the Rock Carving of Döltorp, Skee Parish, Bohuslän, Sweden

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Coles
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
The West ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Ancient Monuments ◽  
The Bronze Age

AbstractThe parish of Skee, in western Bohuslän, has a wide variety of ancient monuments, among which is a small rock at Döltorp that displays a range of Bronze Age and Early Iron Age rock carvings. The new recording presented here identifies a number of hitherto unrecognized images and details. Some of the carvings are now considered to be of the late second millennium bc, while the bulk of the images are of mid-first millennium bc date. They include a particularly large decorated boat, with its crew finely detailed, as well as a number of carvings of warriors, discs, horses, spirals and smaller boats. The site lies in a landscape well inland from the Bronze Age shoreline, and its selection for carving was probably related to the existence of an earlier cairn high on a ridge to the west of the rock-carving site, perhaps linked to it by additional stones. Other sites in the immediate lowland region suggest that we should not view such sites as static creations; rather, we should consider them to have had long and episodic lives, maintaining and augmenting a societal awareness over many generations.

HISTORY OF HORSE DOMESTICATION

1987 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
SàNdor Bokonyi
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Neolithic Period ◽  
East Europe ◽  
Domestic Horses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Western Half ◽  
Horse Domestication ◽  
The Bronze Age

SUMMARYThe wild ancestor of the present day domestic horse was equus ferus Woddaert which included two distinct sub-species - the tarpan and the taki or the Ptzevalsky horse. The tarpan is the main ancestor of the- Present day domestic type. Its domestication irst started in East Europe in the Neolithic period from where it spread in different directions, moving in successive waves to the Carpathian Basin and Moravia in the west, Caucasus in the southeast and Mesopotamia in the Near East, finally reaching western Europe in the Bronze Age.The early domestic horses were small compared to present day animals, measuring only 137 cm at the withers. They were chiefly used to provide mobile power - either draught or riding. Later, during the Iron Age, the Scythians brought these eastern horses to Austria, Italy and Greece, where they were much in demand for their superior power and size, a result of conscious breeding by the Scythians. In contrast, the horses indigenous to the western half of Europe, represented by the Celtic horse, were smaller and slender. These were later improved by crossing with the eastern Scythian horses. From the Greeks, the eastern horses reached the Romans and contributed to the development of the Roman horse.,

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document