scholarly journals Inferring influence and leadership in moving animal groups

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1746) ◽  
pp. 20170006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariana Strandburg-Peshkin ◽  
Danai Papageorgiou ◽  
Margaret C. Crofoot ◽  
Damien R. Farine
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Behavioural Change ◽  
Movement Ecology ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Animal Groups ◽  
Information Theoretic ◽  
Collective Movement ◽  
Total Influence

Collective decision-making is a daily occurrence in the lives of many group-living animals, and can have critical consequences for the fitness of individuals. Understanding how decisions are reached, including who has influence and the mechanisms by which information and preferences are integrated, has posed a fundamental challenge. Here, we provide a methodological framework for studying influence and leadership in groups. We propose that individuals have influence if their actions result in some behavioural change among their group-mates, and are leaders if they consistently influence others. We highlight three components of influence (influence instances, total influence and consistency of influence), which can be assessed at two levels (individual-to-individual and individual-to-group). We then review different methods, ranging from individual positioning within groups to information-theoretic approaches, by which influence has been operationally defined in empirical studies, as well as how such observations can be aggregated to give insight into the underlying decision-making process. We focus on the domain of collective movement, with a particular emphasis on methods that have recently been, or are being, developed to take advantage of simultaneous tracking data. We aim to provide a resource bringing together methodological tools currently available for studying leadership in moving animal groups, as well as to discuss the limitations of current methodologies and suggest productive avenues for future research. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Collective movement ecology’.

EXPRESS: Algorithmic governmentality and the space of ethics: Examples from 'People Analytics'

2022 ◽  
pp. 001872672210753
Author(s):  
Richard Weiskopf ◽  
Hans Krause Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Facial Recognition ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Ethical Conduct ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Work Organizations ◽  
Form Part ◽  
Large Shape

Does human reflexivity disappear as datafication and automation expand and machines take over decision-making? In trying to find answers to this question, we take our lead from recent debates about People Analytics and analyze how the use of algorithmically driven digital technologies like facial recognition and drones in work-organizations and societies at large shape the conditions of ethical conduct. Linking the concepts of algorithmic governmentality and space of ethics, we analyze how such technologies come to form part of governing practices in specific contexts. We conclude that datafication and automation have huge implications for human reflexivity and the capacity to enact responsibility in decision-making. But that itself does not mean that the space for ethical conduct disappears, which is the impression left in some literatures, but rather that is modified and (re) constituted in the interplay of mechanisms of closure (like automating decision-making, black-boxing and circumventing reflexivity), and opening (such as dis-closing contingent values and interests in processes of problematization, contestation and resistance). We suggest that future research investigates in more detail the dynamics of closure and opening in empirical studies of the use and effects of algorithmically driven digital technologies in organizations and societies.

scholarly journals Different bees, different needs: how nest-site requirements have shaped the decision-making processes in homeless honeybees ( Apis spp.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1746) ◽  
pp. 20170010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeleine Beekman ◽  
Benjamin P. Oldroyd
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Site Selection ◽  
Nest Site ◽  
Movement Ecology ◽  
Nest Site Selection ◽  
Apis Florea ◽  
Collective Movement ◽  
Nest Sites ◽  
Cavity Nesting ◽  
Species Specific

During reproductive swarming, a honeybee swarm needs to decide on a new nest site and then move to the chosen site collectively. Most studies of swarming and nest-site selection are based on one species, Apis mellifera . Natural colonies of A. mellifera live in tree cavities. The quality of the cavity is critical to the survival of a swarm. Other honeybee species nest in the open, and have less strict nest-site requirements, such as the open-nesting dwarf honeybee Apis florea . Apis florea builds a nest comprised of a single comb suspended from a twig. For a cavity-nesting species, there is only a limited number of potential nest sites that can be located by a swarm, because suitable sites are scarce. By contrast, for an open-nesting species, there is an abundance of equally suitable twigs. While the decision-making process of cavity-nesting bees is geared towards selecting the best site possible, open-nesting species need to coordinate collective movement towards areas with potential nest sites. Here, we argue that the nest-site selection processes of A. florea and A. mellifera have been shaped by each species' specific nest-site requirements. Both species use the same behavioural algorithm, tuned to allow each species to solve their species-specific problem. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Collective movement ecology’.

scholarly journals Conceptualizations of Clinical Decision-Making: A Scoping Review in Geriatric Emergency Medicine

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Louise Gamborg ◽  
Mimi Mehlsen ◽  
Charlotte Paltved ◽  
Gitte Tramm ◽  
Peter Musaeus
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Emergency Medicine ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Geriatric Emergency Medicine

Abstract Background: Clinical decision-making (CDM) is an important competency for young doctors, especially under complex and uncertain conditions, which is present in geriatric emergency medicine (GEM). Research in this field is however characterized by an unclear conceptualization of CDM. To evolve and evaluate evidence-based knowledge of CDM, it is thus important to identify different definitions and their operationalisations in studies on GEM.Objective: A scoping review of empirical articles was designed to provide an overview of the documented evidence of findings and conceptualizations of CDM in GEM.Methods: A detailed search for empirical studies focusing on CDM in a GEM setting was conducted in PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, EMBASE and Web of Science. In total, 52 publications were included in the analysis, utilizing a data extraction sheet, following the PRISMA guidelines. Reported outcomes were summarized.Results: Four themes of operationalization of CDM emerged; CDM as dispositional decisions, CDM as cognition, CDM as a model, and CDM as clinical judgement. Study results and conclusions differed according to how CDM was conceptualized. It was evident how especially frailty- heuristics lead to biases in treatment of geriatric patients, and that the complexity of this patient group was seen as a challenge for CDM.Conclusions: This scoping review summarizes how different studies in GEM use the term CDM. It provides a snapshot of findings in GEM. Potentially, findings from CDM research can guide implementation of adequate CDM strategies in clinical practice but this requires application of more stringent definitions of CDM in future research.

scholarly journals Conceptualizations of clinical decision-making: a scoping review in geriatric emergency medicine

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Louise Gamborg ◽  
Mimi Mehlsen ◽  
Charlotte Paltved ◽  
Gitte Tramm ◽  
Peter Musaeus
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Emergency Medicine ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Geriatric Emergency Medicine

Abstract Background Clinical decision-making (CDM) is an important competency for young doctors especially under complex and uncertain conditions in geriatric emergency medicine (GEM). However, research in this field is characterized by vague conceptualizations of CDM. To evolve and evaluate evidence-based knowledge of CDM, it is important to identify different definitions and their operationalizations in studies on GEM. Objective A scoping review of empirical articles was conducted to provide an overview of the documented evidence of findings and conceptualizations of CDM in GEM. Methods A detailed search for empirical studies focusing on CDM in a GEM setting was conducted in PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, EMBASE and Web of Science. In total, 52 publications were included in the analysis, utilizing a data extraction sheet, following the PRISMA guidelines. Reported outcomes were summarized. Results Four themes of operationalization of CDM emerged: CDM as dispositional decisions, CDM as cognition, CDM as a model, and CDM as clinical judgement. Study results and conclusions naturally differed according to how CDM was conceptualized. Thus, frailty-heuristics lead to biases in treatment of geriatric patients and the complexity of this patient group was seen as a challenge for young physicians engaging in CDM. Conclusions This scoping review summarizes how different studies in GEM use the term CDM. It provides an analysis of findings in GEM and call for more stringent definitions of CDM in future research, so that it might lead to better clinical practice.

scholarly journals Locomotor compromises maintain group cohesion in baboon troops on the move

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roi Harel ◽  
J. Carter Loftus ◽  
Margaret C. Crofoot
Keyword(s):  
Collective Behavior ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Movement Ecology ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Shared Decision ◽  
Collective Movement ◽  
Living Species ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Locomotor Capacity

AbstractWhen members of a group differ in locomotor capacity, coordinating collective movement poses a challenge: some individuals may have to move faster (or slower) than their preferred speed to remain together. Such compromises have energetic repercussions yet research in collective behavior has largely neglected locomotor consensus costs. Here we integrate high-resolution tracking of wild baboon locomotion and movement with simulations to demonstrate that size-based variation in locomotor capacity poses an obstacle to collective movement. While all baboons modulate their gait and move-pause dynamics during collective movement, the costs of maintaining cohesion are disproportionately borne by smaller group members. Although consensus costs are not distributed equally, all group-mates do make locomotor compromises, suggesting a shared decision-making process drives the pace of collective movement in this highly despotic species. These results highlight the importance of considering how social dynamics and locomotor capacity interact to shape the movement ecology of group-living species.

scholarly journals Locomotor compromises maintain group cohesion in baboon troops on the move

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1955) ◽  
pp. 20210839
Author(s):  
Roi Harel ◽  
J. Carter Loftus ◽  
Margaret C. Crofoot
Keyword(s):  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Movement Ecology ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Group Cohesion ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Shared Decision ◽  
Collective Movement ◽  
Living Species ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Locomotor Capacity

When members of a group differ in locomotor capacity, coordinating collective movement poses a challenge: some individuals may have to move faster (or slower) than their preferred speed to remain together. Such compromises have energetic repercussions, yet research in collective behaviour has largely neglected locomotor consensus costs. Here, we integrate high-resolution tracking of wild baboon locomotion and movement with simulations to demonstrate that size-based variation in locomotor capacity poses an obstacle to the collective movement. While all baboons modulate their gait and move-pause dynamics during collective movement, the costs of maintaining cohesion are disproportionately borne by smaller group members. Although consensus costs are not distributed equally, all group-mates do make locomotor compromises, suggesting a shared decision-making process drives the pace of collective movement in this highly despotic species. These results highlight the importance of considering how social dynamics and locomotor capacity interact to shape the movement ecology of group-living species.

scholarly journals Personality and the collective: bold homing pigeons occupy higher leadership ranks in flocks

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1746) ◽  
pp. 20170038 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takao Sasaki ◽  
Richard P. Mann ◽  
Katherine N. Warren ◽  
Tristian Herbert ◽  
Tara Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Movement Ecology ◽  
Columba Livia ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Coordination Problem ◽  
Homing Pigeons ◽  
Animal Groups ◽  
Collective Movement ◽  
Collective Decisions ◽  
Animal Personalities ◽  
The Relationship

While collective movement is ecologically widespread and conveys numerous benefits on individuals, it also poses a coordination problem: who controls the group's movements? The role that animal ‘personalities’ play in this question has recently become a focus of research interest. Although many animal groups have distributed leadership (i.e. multiple individuals influence collective decisions), studies linking personality and leadership have focused predominantly on the group's single most influential individual. In this study, we investigate the relationship between personality and the influence of multiple leaders on collective movement using homing pigeons, Columba livia , a species known to display complex multilevel leadership hierarchies during flock flights. Our results show that more exploratory (i.e. ‘bold’) birds are more likely to occupy higher ranks in the leadership hierarchy and thus have more influence on the direction of collective movement than less exploratory (i.e. ‘shy’) birds during both free flights around their lofts and homing flights from a distant site. Our data also show that bold pigeons fly faster than shy birds during solo flights. We discuss our results in light of theories about the evolution of personality, with specific reference to the adaptive value of heterogeneity in animal groups. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Collective movement ecology’.

scholarly journals Conceptualizations of Clinical Decision-Making: A scoping review in geriatric emergency medicine

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Louise Gamborg ◽  
Mimi Mehlsen ◽  
Charlotte Paltved ◽  
Gitte Tramm ◽  
Peter Musaeus
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Emergency Medicine ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Geriatric Emergency Medicine

Abstract Background Clinical decision-making (CDM) is an important competency for young doctors especially under complex and uncertain conditions in geriatric emergency medicine (GEM). However, research in this field is characterized by a vague conceptualization of CDM. To evolve and evaluate evidence-based knowledge of CDM, it is important to identify different definitions and their operationalisations in studies on GEM. Objective A scoping review of empirical articles was conducted to provide an overview of the documented evidence of findings and conceptualizations of CDM in GEM. Methods A detailed search for empirical studies focusing on CDM in a GEM setting was conducted in PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, EMBASE and Web of Science. In total, 52 publications were included in the analysis, utilizing a data extraction sheet, following the PRISMA guidelines. Reported outcomes were summarized. Results Four themes of operationalization of CDM emerged: CDM as dispositional decisions, CDM as cognition, CDM as a model, and CDM as clinical judgement. Study results and conclusions naturally differed according to how CDM was conceptualized. Thus, frailty-heuristics lead to biases in treatment of geriatric patients and the complexity of this patient group was seen as a challenge for young physicians engaging in CDM. Conclusions This scoping review summarizes how different studies in GEM use the term CDM. It provides an analysis of findings in GEM and call for more stringent definitions of CDM in future research, so that it might lead to better clinical practice.

Prophetic Leadership Model: Conceptualizing a Prophet’s Leadership Behaviour, Leader-Follower Mutuality and Altruism to Decision Making Quality

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Nik Maheran Nik Muhammad
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Network ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Complex Function ◽  
Spiritual Leadership ◽  
Leadership Theory ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Leadership Model ◽  
Leadership Behaviour ◽  
Current Leadership

This article advocates that research is lacking on the connection between leadership theory and social network theory. To date, little empirical research has been conducted on leadership and social networks. Thus, the proposition of this article goes beyond traditional leadership models to advocate for a fuller and more integrative focus that is multilevel, multi-component and interdisciplinary, while recognizing that leadership is a complex function of both the organisational leaders and the followers who perform tasks, all of which subsequently leads to decision making qualities. Indeed, the current leadership model focuses on leadership behaviour and the ability to gain followers mutuality, to achieve decision making quality involving the integration of leadership and social network theories. Given the apparent mutable palette of contemporary leadership theory, this emergent construct of the leadership paradigm can expand the poles of the leadership continuum and contribute to a richer and deeper understanding of the relationships and responsibilities of leaders and followers as they relate to decision making qualities. This new construct, which is termed prophetic leadership, explores the literature of the life experiences of the prophet in the ‘Abrahamic Faith’ religion. Drawing on a priori links between the personality trait and spiritual leadership that has recently garnered the interest of scholars, the present study asserts a normative leadership theory that links the personal quality of a leader, posture and principal (based on the Prophet’s leadership behaviour) to synergy and decision making quality. Altruism is proposed to enhance relationships between leadership behaviour and decision making quality. For future research, much work needs to be done specifically aiming to (a) achieve greater clarity of construct definitions, (b) address measurement issues, and (c) avoid construct redundancy.

Prophetic Leadership Model: Conceptualizing a Prophet’s Leadership Behaviour, Leader-Follower Mutuality and Altruism to Decision Making Quality

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Nik Maheran Nik Muhammad
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Network ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Complex Function ◽  
Spiritual Leadership ◽  
Leadership Theory ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Leadership Model ◽  
Leadership Behaviour ◽  
Current Leadership

This article advocates that research is lacking on the connection between leadership theory and social network theory. To date, little empirical research has been conducted on leadership and social networks. Thus, the proposition of this article goes beyond traditional leadership models to advocate for a fuller and more integrative focus that is multilevel, multi-component and interdisciplinary, while recognizing that leadership is a complex function of both the organisational leaders and the followers who perform tasks, all of which subsequently leads to decision making qualities. Indeed, the current leadership model focuses on leadership behaviour and the ability to gain followers mutuality, to achieve decision making quality involving the integration of leadership and social network theories. Given the apparent mutable palette of contemporary leadership theory, this emergent construct of the leadership paradigm can expand the poles of the leadership continuum and contribute to a richer and deeper understanding of the relationships and responsibilities of leaders and followers as they relate to decision making qualities. This new construct, which is termed prophetic leadership, explores the literature of the life experiences of the prophet in the ‘Abrahamic Faith’ religion. Drawing on a priori links between the personality trait and spiritual leadership that has recently garnered the interest of scholars, the present study asserts a normative leadership theory that links the personal quality of a leader, posture and principal (based on the Prophet’s leadership behaviour) to synergy and decision making quality. Altruism is proposed to enhance relationships between leadership behaviour and decision making quality. For future research, much work needs to be done specifically aiming to (a) achieve greater clarity of construct definitions, (b) address measurement issues, and (c) avoid construct redundancy.

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