scholarly journals XV. Further researches on the preservation of metals by electro­chemical means

1825 ◽  
Vol 115 ◽  
pp. 328-346 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Chemical Changes

In two papers read before the Royal Society, I have described the effects of small quantities of electro-positive metals in preventing the corrosion or chemical changes of copper exposed to sea water, and I have stated that the results appear to be of the same kind, whether the experiments are made upon a minute scale, and in confined portions of water, or on large masses, and in the ocean. The first and preliminary experiments proved, that the copper sheeting of ships might be preserved by this method; but another and a no less important circumstance was to be attended to, how far the cleanness of the bottom, or its freedom from the adhesion of weeds or shell fish, would be influenced by this preservation.

On the Cause and Nature of the Chemical Changes occurring in Oceanic Deposits

1897 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 25-34
Author(s):  
W. N. Hartley
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Magnesium Carbonate ◽  
Chemical Examination ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
Sulphuretted Hydrogen

In Nature of January 24, 1895, appears an abstract of a paper read before the Royal Society of Edinburgh on March 7, 1892, by Dr John Murray and Mr Robert Irvine, and published in the Transactions of the Society, vol. xxxvii. part 2, No. 23, entitled “Chemical Changes between Sea-water and Oceanic Deposits.”This is an account of a chemical examination of the sea-water salts in the water adhering to or retained in mud, with special reference to the formation of the deposit known as “Blue Mud.”Dittmar's analysis of sea-water is quoted and compared with an analysis of mud-water. The chief points of difference between the two is the occurrence in mud-water salts of 0·206 per cent. of ammonium sulphate, 0·729 per cent. of magnesium carbonate, and 0·18 per cent. of manganous carbonate; also that the total salts are low in proportion to the chlorine they contain.The occurrence of ammonium sulphate in this mud, and also of manganous carbonate, are facts of much interest; but there are some equations given to explain the chemical changes which the mud undergoes which are not strictly in accordance with facts. There are three points which I would desire to draw attention to: first, the reduction of the sulphates; second, the oxidation of sulphuretted hydrogen; and third, the formation of manganous carbonate.The equations are written without reference to the part played by water in the chemical changes involved, but it may have been thought that the accuracy sacrificed was compensated by the simpler form of the equations.

scholarly journals The Examination of Sea Water by an Optical Method

1902 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 35-43
Author(s):  
J. J. Manley
Keyword(s):  
Optical Method ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Physical Nature ◽  
Refractive Indices ◽  
Two Samples

In a paper communicated to the Royal Society, Mr E. T. Günther and the author gave an account of the results obtained from the examination of two samples of water taken from Lake Urmi, and amongst other determinations of a chemical and physical nature, were those of the refractive indices, which were performed with the aid of the Royal Society's large quartz prism and spectrometer, the latter reading by means of micrometers to 2″ of arc. On comparing the values obtained for the refractive indices of the two samples of water with those obtained for the relative densities, it was at once apparent that the former differentiated the two samples quite as distinctly as the latter.

XXXIII. Some experiments and researches on the saline contents of sea-water, undertaken with a view to correct and improve its chemical analysis

1822 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 448-456 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Sufficient Accuracy ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
The Earth

In a paper on the temperature and saltness of various seas, which the Royal Society did me the honour to publish in their Transactions for the year 1819, I threw out a conjecture, that the sea might contain minute quantities of every substance in nature, which is soluble in water. For the ocean having communication with every part of the earth through the rivers, all of which ultimately pour their waters into it; and soluble substances, even such as are theoretically incom­patible with each other, being almost in every instance capable of co-existing in solution, provided the quantities be very minute, I could see no reason why the ocean should not be a general receptacle of all bodies which can be held in solution. And although it will appear from the following account, that I have been unsuccessful in some of my attempts to prove the truth of this conjecture, it may fairly be ascribed either to a want of sufficient accuracy in our present methods of chemical analysis, or of the requisite degree of skill in the operator. Some time after the communication to which I have just referred, an extraordinary statement was pointed out to me, upon the authority of Rouelle, a French chemist of the last century, from which it appeared that mercury was contained in sea salt: and I saw soon after in the ‘ Annales du Musée ,' Vol. VII. a paper by the celebrated chemist Proust, who, in a great measure, confirmed that statement, by announcing that he had found traces of mercury in all the specimens of marine acid which he had examined.

The Yorkshire Dogger: III. Upper Eskdale

1943 ◽  
Vol 80 (6) ◽  
pp. 209-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Rastall ◽  
J. E. Hemingway
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Marine Sediments ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Faunal Assemblage ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
Main Series ◽  
Uplift And Erosion ◽  
Shallow Water Sediments

1. A sequence of strata is determined in the Dogger of Upper Eskdale and its tributary valleys. The rocks fall into three main series, which are subdivided into groups.2. The underlying Yeovilian sediments, originally included with the Dogger, are mapped and briefly described. The unconformity between them and the Dogger is emphasized.3. The Dogger is marine throughout but only the oldest yields an adequate faunal assemblage, similar to that of the Glaisdale Oolite Series (upper opalinum). The greater part of the Dogger of this area is therefore younger than that of the Yorkshire Coast.4. Chemical changes in the sea-water caused the deposition of siderite to characterize the earliest phase (Glaisdale Oolite Series). This was succeeded by a phase of dominantly chamosite deposition (the Chamositic Series) followed by a reversion to siderite deposition (the Ajalon Series).5. Earth-movement controlled sedimentation over the area. During the first phase an eastern tilt to the region held the centre and west above or near sea-level, where it received no sediment. The second phase saw general depression with the accumulation of shallow water sediments. This was followed by uplift and erosion when a broad shallow valley was cut. Partial depression then flooded the valley with derived marine sediments.

scholarly journals VIII. An account of Mr. Applebyʼs process to make sea-water fresh; with some expe­riments therewith; communicated to the Royal Society, by W. Watson, F. R. S

1753 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 69-71 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Sea Water

The making sea-water fresh has been frequently attempted, and several accounts thereof, from time to time, been communicated to the Royal Society.

On Chemical Changes in Marine Muds

1897 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 35-39
Author(s):  
Robert Irvine ◽  
John Murray
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Royal College ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
Hydrous Condition ◽  
Black Ash

On 16th December 1895 a paper written by Professor W. N. Hartley, F.R.S., Royal College of Science, Dublin, was read before this Society “On the Cause and Nature of Chemical Changes occurring in Oceanic Deposits,” in which he criticised and took exception to certain conclusions we had arrived at, which formed the basis of a paper read by us in March 1892, and published in the Transactions of the Society, Vol. xxxvii., Part ii., No. 23, under the title “On the Chemical Changes which take place in the Composition of Sea-water associated with Blue Muds on the Floor of the Ocean.”At the time of writing his paper Professor Hartley had not seen ours, and was only in possession of the necessarily curtailed notice of it which appeared in Nature of January 24, 1895, from which he appears to have drawn inferences that a fuller knowledge would have altered. Practically, with the exception of one or two of our experimental results, Professor Hartley is in accord with us so far as the principal results are concerned. In taking exception to the formulæ by which we endeavour to explain the decomposition of sulphates in sea-water in the presence of organic matter and ferric-hydrate, or ferruginous clay, he assumes the equations we use to mean the same as that which would occur in a black ash furnace under the influence of great heat. Our object in adopting the explanation of the reaction which appeared in our paper was to render it as simple as possible; and occurring as it does in mud saturated with water, we did not think it necessary to specially refer to the hydrous condition of the salts.

scholarly journals Chemical Changes In Sea Water off Plymouth in 1961

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. J. Armstrong ◽  
E. I. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Graphical Form ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Integral Mean Values

The results of analysis of sea water samples from the International Hydrographic Station E1 (500 02' N., 40 22' W.) are given in graphical form and as integral mean values for the water column of 70 m. Winter maximum values (in January) of 044/xg atom phosphate P/l. and 0-53^g atom ' T o t a l ' P/L, with 315/xg atom Si/1, were found. The phosphate and total phosphorus concentrations were unusually low. The spring decreases were 0-21/xg atom P/l. and 272 fig atom Si/1.

scholarly journals Chemical changes in sea water off Plymouth during 1959

1960 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. J. Armstrong ◽  
E. I. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Industrial Research ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
The Government ◽  
Government Chemist

Analyses of sea water collected during 1959 at the International Hydrographic Station E1 (lat. 50° 02′ N., long. 4° 22′ W.) are given here in the same form as earlier reports (Armstrong, 1954, 1955, 1957, 1958; Armstrong & Butler, 1959, 1960). The methods of collection and analysis remain the same. Salinities were determined by the Government Chemist, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. We wish once more to thank Lt.-Cdr. C. A. Hoodless, D.S.C. and the crew of R.V. ‘Sarsia’, and Capt. W. J. Creese and the crew of R.V. ‘Sula’ for help at sea.

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