II. On the temperature of the springs, wells and rivers of India and Egypt, and of the sea and table-lands within the tropics

1845 ◽  
Vol 135 ◽  
pp. 125-139
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Sufficient Data ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Casual Observer ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Perennial Springs

Professor Jameson, in his chapter on the hydrography of India, justly remarks, “Although India, like other great tracts of country, contains many springs, these have hitherto attracted but little attention. The temperature of but few of them is known; their magnitudes and geognostical situations are scarcely ever mentioned; and their chemical composition, excepting in a very few instances, has been neglected. The most important feature in the natural history of common or perennial springs , namely their temperature, is rarely noticed, although a knowledge of this fact is illus­trative, not only of the mean temperature of the climate, but also of the elevations of the land above the level of the sea; and our information in regard to their chemical nature is equally meagre". Since the publication of these remarks, much has been done by Prinsep and others in these branches of Indian hydrography, but more remains to be effected before this reproach can be wiped out. The heat of springs having a temperature little above the mean of that of the surrounding country has been rarely noticed, though I feel convinced many such exist in India. That of springs of high temperature, more attractive to the casual observer, has been more remarked. My own observations, and the few inferences I have ventured to draw from some of them, are not offered as sufficient data for the establishment of laws, but merely as a contributory mite to knowledge; in the view of courting inquiry and observation by others more competent and better situated for continued research than myself. The thermometric observations have been snatched generally on the line of march, or during hasty travel: since my return to England, through the kindness of Mr. Roberton, they have been adjusted to the indications given by the standard thermometer of the Royal Society.

Assessing the sustainability of yellow anaconda (Eunectes notaeus) harvest in northeastern Argentina

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Camera ◽  
Christine Stüssmann ◽  
Itxaso Quintana ◽  
Tomás Waller ◽  
Mariano Barros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wildlife Management ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Gradual Reduction ◽  
Hunting Season ◽  
Time Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Northeastern Argentina

Abstract Sustainable wildlife management is required to guarantee source species viability; however, it is practiced rarely in the tropics. The yellow anaconda (Eunectes notaeus) has a long history of being harvested for its leather. Since 2002 its harvest has operated under a management program in northeastern Argentina, which relies on adaptive management through limiting the minimum anaconda length, number of hunters and restricting the hunting season. We investigated the effects of the anaconda harvest on its biological parameters based on 2002-2016 data. Here we show that the levels of species exploitation are sustainable. The gradual reduction in the annual hunting effort, due to a decrease in number of hunters and hunting season duration, reduced the total number of anacondas harvested. Conversely, captures per unit effort increased across the study time-period. There was no variation in the mean length of anacondas harvested, or in largest anaconda sizes. Though more females than males were caught, the sex ratio did not vary significantly. We also found that a decrease in mean temperature positively influenced anaconda harvest and the captures of giant individuals. Because sustainable use is a powerful tool for conservation, those discoveries are highly applicable to other species and regions.

scholarly journals X. An investigation on the chemical nature of wax

1848 ◽  
Vol 138 ◽  
pp. 147-158
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Remarkable Change ◽  
Vegetable Products ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chemical History ◽  
Von Liebig ◽  
The Way

In the summer of 1845, while studying at Giessen, in the laboratory of Professor von Liebig, I undertook, at the request of that distinguished chemist, the analysis of certain waxes which were the results of an experiment made by Herr Gundlach of Cassel, of feeding bees upon different kinds of sugar. It is not my intention to give those analyses here, and I mention them now only for the purpose of stating that it was this circumstance which first turned my attention to the inquiry of which I now offer the results to the Royal Society, and that it was in Professor von Liebig’s laboratory that this investigation was begun. Various chemists have before me undertaken a similar inquiry. The chemical history of a substance so abundant in nature and so useful to man as wax was always a curious question. Of late it has acquired a peculiar interest from our knowledge, derived from repeated experiments, that wax is formed in the organs of the bee, and that in the body of that insect that remarkable change of sugar into wax takes place, the knowledge of the true conditions of which would, we may hope, throw light upon the formation of fatty bodies, and on the way by which out of vegetable products the continual repair of the animal structure is effected. The first step to such a knowledge must be the accurate study of the chemical nature of those substances which are thus produced.

III. Further observations on the amyloid substance met with in the animal economy

1864 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 317-321
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Animal Economy ◽  
History Of

In the early part of last year I had the honour of making a communication to the Royal Society “On the Amyloid Substance of the Liver, and ts ultimate destination in the Animal Economy." The discussion which ollowed the reading of this paper made it desirable that further observations should be made regarding the natural history of this substance, more particularly with reference to its relations to the tissues of the fœtus. It was not possible to complete these investigations until the spring of the year laced at my disposal fœtal lambs, calves, &c. in various stages of development. This has been the cause of the delay in forwarding the present communication, for which I must apologise to the Society. The amyloid substance met with in the fœtal tissues is in chemical composition identical with that found in the liver. Absolutely pure specimens, prepared from each of these sources, are represented by the formula C 12 . H 10 . O 10 .

Bibliography of recent books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society

1970 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-250
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Albert Einstein ◽  
Bertrand Russell ◽  
Benjamin Franklin ◽  
James Cook ◽  
Max Born ◽  
Georges Cuvier ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Tropics

Each number of Notes and Records contains a short bibliography of books and articles dealing with the history of the Royal Society or its Fellows which have been noted since the publication of the last number. If Fellows would be good enough to draw the Editor’s attention to omissions these would be added to the list in the next issue. Books Achiwa, A. G. Hermann Boerhaave 1668-1738: his life, thought and influence upon Japanese medicine in the period of Dutch learning . (Japanese with English abstr.) Tokyo: Ogata Bookstore, 1969. Ampere, A. M. Opere; a cura di M. Bertolini . Turin: UTET, 1969. Beard, W. Captain James Cook: his early life and voyage of the ´Endeavour´ . Randwick, N .S.W .: Randwick Historical Society, 1969. $1.50 Aust. Beddall, B. G. (Editor). Wallace and Bates in the tropics. An introduction the theory of natural selection . New York: Macmillan, 1969. $5.95. Beddie, M. K. (Editor). Bibliography of Captain James Cook, R.N., F.R.S., circumnavigator . Sydney: Library of N.S.W., 1970. $6.30 Aust. Born, M. (Editor). Albert Einstein, Hedwig und Max Born: Briefwechsel 1916-1955. Munich: Nymphenburger Verlagshandlung, 1969. 18s. Born, M. Hedwig und Max Born: Der Luxus des Gewissens . Munich: Nymphenburger Verlagshandlung, 1969. Burnet, Sir Macfarlane. Changing patterns: an atypical autobiography . London: Heinemann, 1969. £3 3 s. Clements, P. Marc Isambard Brunel .London: Longmans, 1970. -£3 5s. Cuvier, G. Georges Cuvier, de son temps au notre. Paris: Expansion Scientifique Fran^aise, 1969. Fr. 15. Franklin, B. Papers of Benjamin Franklin , Vol. 13. Edited by L. W. Labaree. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1969. 17s. Hahn, O. My life ; translated by Ernst Kaiser and Eithne Wilkins. London: MacDonald, 1970. £2. Hardy, G. H. Bertrand Russell and Trinity (1942, facsimile reprint 1970). Cambridge University Press, 1970. 16s. Hardy, G. H. Collected papers of G. H. Hardy . Vol. 3. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969. £6.

XXVII. Some experiments on the combustion of the diamond and other carbonaceous substances

1814 ◽  
Vol 104 ◽  
pp. 557-570 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Carbonaceous Matter ◽  
Refractive Power ◽  
Muriatic Acid ◽  
Guyton De Morveau ◽  
Sensible Qualities

Since it has been shewn by various accurate experiments, that the diamond and common carbonaceous substances con­sume nearly the same quantity of oxygene in combustion, and produce a gas having the same obvious qualities, a number of conjectures have been formed to explain the remarkable differences in the sensible qualities of these bodies, by suppos­ing some minute difference in their chemical composition; these conjectures have been often discussed, it will not be necessary therefore to dwell upon them: M. M. Biot and Arago, from the high refractive power of the diamond, have supposed that it may contain hydrogene; I ventured to sug­gest in my third Bakerian Lecture, from the circumstance of its non-conducting power, and from the action of potassium upon it, that a minute portion of oxygene may exist in it; and in my Account of some new experiments on the fluoric Compounds,I hazarded the idea that it might be the car­bonaceous principle combined with some new light and sub­tile element of the class of supporters of combustion. M. Guyton de Morveau, who conceived he had proved by ex­periments made fourteen years ago, that common carbona­ceous substances were, oxides of diamonds, from his last re­searches, conducted in the same manner as those of Messrs. Allen and Pepys, seems still inclined to adopt this opinion, though in admitting a much smaller quantity of oxygene than he originally supposed in charcoal; and he considers the dia­mond as pure carbonaceous matter, containing, possibly, some atoms of water of crystallisation. I have long had a desire of making some new experiments on the combustion of the diamond and other carbonaceous substances, and this desire was increased by the new facts ascertained with respect to iodine, which by uniting to hydrogene, affords an acid so analogous to muriatic acid, that it was for some time confounded with that substance. My object in these experiments, was to examine minutely whether any peculiar matter was separated from the diamond during its combustion, and to determine whether the gas, formed in this process, was precisely the same in its minute chemical nature, as that formed in the combustion of common charcoal. I have lately been able to accomplish my wishes; I shall now have the honour of communicating my results to the Royal Society.

Revisiting the Natural History of Chronic Scaphoid Nonunions: A Retrospective Study of 20 Cases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Terrence Jose Jerome
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Functional Outcome ◽  
Grip Strength ◽  
Scaphoid Nonunion ◽  
Proximal Pole ◽  
Degenerative Arthritis ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background The natural history of scaphoid nonunion is the development of degenerative arthritis. A lot of information is still unclear about this progression. The purpose of this study is to analyze patients with scaphoid nonunions who had not received any kind of treatment and to assess the functional outcome. Materials and Methods This is a retrospective study that analyzed the patients with chronic scaphoid nonunions between 2009 and 2019. None of the patients received any treatment. The age at the time of injury, examination, pattern of fracture, types of scaphoid nonunion, symptoms, and duration of nonunion were noted. Diagnosis was confirmed by radiographs, computed tomography (CT) scan, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Scapholunate and radiolunate angles were recorded. Pain score, modified mayo wrist score, grip strength, range of movement, and the functional outcome of these scaphoid nonunions were analyzed. A statistical correlation between the scaphoid nonunion presentations and the functional outcome was assessed. Results The mean age of the patients was 62 years (range: 35–82 years.). There were 17 male and 3 female patients. There were 9 waist and 11 proximal pole scaphoid nonunions. The mean duration of scaphoid nonunion was 34 years (range: 10–62 years). None of the patients had avascular necrosis (AVN) of the proximal scaphoid. The age at examination, gender, side of injury, fracture pattern (waist/proximal pole), fracture displacement ≤ 1 mm or > 1 mm, nonunion duration, and radiographic arthritic parameters had no significant impact on the functional outcome. Conclusions Untreated chronic scaphoid nonunion leads to the development of degenerative arthritis over a period of years, which is still unpredictable. Most of the patients become aware of the nonunion following a precedent injury or other reasons. Most of the patients have fair/good functional outcome despite reduced range of movements and grip strength. Many do not favor surgical intervention in the course of nonunion. Chronic nonunions open a lot of unanswered questions. Clinical relevance There have been numerous studies on the treatment aspects of scaphoid nonunion, with little knowledge about certain people with nonunion who did not have any kind of treatment. The demographics, clinical findings, and radiological parameters do confirm the progression of these nonunion to arthritis, but most of them had fair-to-good outcome throughout their life. It opens our thinking about the real need of treatment in such nonunions and raises numerous questions about the disease. Level of evidence This is a Level IV study.

NICROFER 5520 Co

Alloy Digest ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
High Temperature Corrosion ◽  
Creep Properties ◽  
Nickel Chromium ◽  
Temperature Performance

Abstract NICROFER 5520 Co is a nickel-chromium-cobalt-molybdenum alloy with excellent strength and creep properties up to high temperatures. Due to its balanced chemical composition the alloy shows outstanding resistance to high temperature corrosion in the form of oxidation and carburization. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on high temperature performance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Ni-480. Producer or source: VDM Technologies Corporation.

TIN

Alloy Digest ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Collapsible Tubes ◽  
Temperature Performance ◽  
History Of ◽  
Important Constituent ◽  
Varied History

Abstract TIN is used as a coating on steel and on other metals and alloys. When alloyed with other metals, it is an important constituent in soft solders, collapsible tubes, pewter ware, costume jewelry, fusable pressure plugs, bronze and bearing linings. It has a long and varied history of commercial and ornamental uses. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness and creep. It also includes information on low and high temperature performance, and corrosion resistance as well as casting, forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Sn-5. Producer or source: World tin producers (ingots).

George Gabriel Stokes

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Mathematical Analysis ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Science And Religion ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Public Servant ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many ◽  
Natural Philosophers

George Gabriel Stokes was one of the most significant mathematicians and natural philosophers of the nineteenth century. Serving as Lucasian professor at Cambridge he made wide-ranging contributions to optics, fluid dynamics and mathematical analysis. As Secretary of the Royal Society he played a major role in the direction of British science acting as both a sounding board and a gatekeeper. Outside his own area he was a distinguished public servant and MP for Cambridge University. He was keenly interested in the relation between science and religion and wrote extensively on the matter. This edited collection of essays brings together experts in mathematics, physics and the history of science to cover the many facets of Stokes’s life in a scholarly but accessible way.

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