scholarly journals X. An investigation on the chemical nature of wax

1848 ◽  
Vol 138 ◽  
pp. 147-158
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Remarkable Change ◽  
Vegetable Products ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chemical History ◽  
Von Liebig ◽  
The Way

In the summer of 1845, while studying at Giessen, in the laboratory of Professor von Liebig, I undertook, at the request of that distinguished chemist, the analysis of certain waxes which were the results of an experiment made by Herr Gundlach of Cassel, of feeding bees upon different kinds of sugar. It is not my intention to give those analyses here, and I mention them now only for the purpose of stating that it was this circumstance which first turned my attention to the inquiry of which I now offer the results to the Royal Society, and that it was in Professor von Liebig’s laboratory that this investigation was begun. Various chemists have before me undertaken a similar inquiry. The chemical history of a substance so abundant in nature and so useful to man as wax was always a curious question. Of late it has acquired a peculiar interest from our knowledge, derived from repeated experiments, that wax is formed in the organs of the bee, and that in the body of that insect that remarkable change of sugar into wax takes place, the knowledge of the true conditions of which would, we may hope, throw light upon the formation of fatty bodies, and on the way by which out of vegetable products the continual repair of the animal structure is effected. The first step to such a knowledge must be the accurate study of the chemical nature of those substances which are thus produced.

The Missing Piece

Divine Bodies ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Candida R. Moss
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
The Self ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Scholarship ◽  
The Way

The resurrection of the body is a key place to think about who we are and which facets of ourselves are integral to ourselves. The introduction to this book places the resurrection of the body within the context of ancient anxieties about the self: What makes us who we are? It also reviews the history of scholarship on this question and traces the way that ideas about resurrection have been divorced from broader thinking about the self.

scholarly journals Escritura de mujeres, escritura de las diferencias

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Gargallo
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Sexual Difference ◽  
Women's Writing ◽  
The Body ◽  
Contemporary History ◽  
Narrative Poetry ◽  
Literatura Latinoamericana ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

Resumen: Se rastrea la historia contemporánea de la literaturalatinoamericana escrita por mujeres, mostrando temáticas queprofundizan en la diferencia sexual y sus consecuencias parala escritura. Se exploran las consecuencias para la narrativa yla poética de las autoras, de temas como la eroticidad femeninay la especificidad del cuerpo de la mujer, y el lugar que ésteocupa en las historias familiar, nacional y continental. Seindaga asimismo sobre las formas en las cuales sus narracionescontribuyeron al meta-relato del patriarcado latinoamericano.A la vez, en este trabajo se registran las huellas dejadas en lanarrativa y la poética de estas autoras por las resistenciasfemeninas frente al orden patriarcal.Palabras clave: Escritura de mujeres, Diferencia sexual, Feminismo,Literatura latinoamericana, Narrativa, PoéticaAbstract: The contemporary history of Latin American literaturewritten by women is traced, showing the themes that delve intosexual difference and its consequences for writing. Theconsequences of feminine eroticism and the specificity ofwomen’s bodies for the writers’ narratives and poetry areexplored, as well as the place the body occupies in the family,national and continental histories. The way in which theirnarratives contributed to the meta-story of Latin Americanpatriarchy is taken into account. At the same time, this paperrecords the imprints feminine resistance to the patriarchal orderleaves in these authors’ narrative and poetic work.Key words: Women’s writing, sexual difference, feminism,Latina American literatura, narrative, poetry

XIV.—Fifty Years Ago, in the Royal Society of Edinburgh

1935 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 145-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
College Library ◽  
The Way

Fifty years ago, when this Royal Society was a hundred years old, it fell to Lord Moncrieff, the President, to speak to the occasion. He sketched the history of the Society through its hundred years, and dwelt most on the days when it was born. He told how the Founders made their way one winter's night from homes in Lawnmarket or Canongate to the College Library (as Johnson and Boswell had lately done), with a few flickering oil-lamps to light the way and tallow-candles which dimly lit the room.

scholarly journals Contributions to the chemical history of the compounds of palladium and platinum

1843 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 379-380
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Caustic Potash ◽  
Double Salts ◽  
Basic Carbonate ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chemical History ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
True Basic ◽  
Hydrated Oxide ◽  
Palladium Platinum

The author states it to be his object, in this and in some subsequent papers, to examine specially the composition and properties of the compounds of palladium, platinum, and gold; and to ascertain how far they agree, and in what they differ, as to the laws of combination to which these compounds are subjected. He commences with the investigation of the compounds of palladium, employing for that purpose a portion of that metal with which he was furnished by the Royal Society out of the quantity bequeathed to the Society by the late Dr. Wollaston. He describes the mode of obtaining the protoxide of palladium, and enters into the analysis of the hydrated oxide, the black suboxide, and the true basic carbonate of that metal; detailing their properties and the formulae which express their mode of composition. The chlorides of palladium form the next subject of inquiry; and the author concludes from his experiments that the loss of chlorine which the protochloride undergoes, when kept for some time in a state of fusion at a red heat, is perfectly definite; and also that the loss represents one half of the chlorine which the salt contains. But in the double salts formed by the protochloride of palladium with the chlorides of the alkaline metals, he finds that the similarity of constitution usually occurring between the compounds of ammonium and potassium is violated. From his analysis of the oxychloride of palladium the author concludes that it is quite analogous to the ordinary oxychloride of copper. He then examines a variety of products derived from the action of a solution of caustic potash on solutions of ammonia-chlorides of potassium. Their properties he finds to indicate analogies between palladium and other metals, whose laws of combination are better known. The sulphate, the ammonia-sulphates, the nitrates, and the ammonia-nitrates of palladium, and lastly, the double oxalate of palladium and ammonium, are, in like manner, subjected to examination in a detailed series of experiments. The second section of the paper relates to the compounds of platinum, and comprehends researches on the composition of the protochloride of platinum; on the action of ammonia on biniodide of platinum; and on the action of ammonia on the perchloride of platinum; in which the properties of these substances are detailed and the formulae expressing their composition deduced.

The Testimony of Nature: Boyle, Hooke and Experimental Philosophy

1971 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Kargon
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Experimental Philosophy ◽  
Scientific Organization ◽  
The Body ◽  
Francis Bacon ◽  
Robert Hooke ◽  
Robert Boyle ◽  
Full Study ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

“The Office of the sense shall be the only judge of the experiment, and … the experiment itself shall judge of the thing.”Francis Bacon, The Great InstaurationThe first history of the Royal Society of London, published in 1667, and the most recent full study of that scientific organization published three centuries later, agree on one important point: that Sir Francis Bacon was the intellectual progenitor of the body, that in the denigrating words of a contemporary critic the Society was “Bacon-faced.” The author of the former, Thomas Sprat, termed Bacon the “one great Man, who had the true Imagination of the whole extent of this Enterprise,” and in “whose Books there are every where scattered the best arguments that can be produced for the defence of Experimental Philosophy.” The author of the latter, Margery Purver, agrees that “Bacon was the great formative influence on the Society's concept of science.”Yet it must be conceded at once that Bacon's legacy was ambiguous. While the early Royal Society indeed was Bacon-faced, “it saw many faces of Bacon.” The period after the founding of the Society, the 1660's and 1670's, was one of contending philosophies and of a continuing effort to fashion clearer notions of what an experimental philosophy was to be like and what role experience was to play in scientific argument. Two of the more important and influential members of the Society who were actively engaged in this pursuit were Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke; these men were, and saw themselves, as disciples of the Lord Chancellor. It is my intention here to illustrate the differing approaches to the Baconian legacy of Boyle and of Hooke by focusing attention upon an interesting analogy, used by both, which may aid us in interpreting the conception of experiment in the works of these two founders of the experimental philosophy.

scholarly journals On the impregnation of the ovum in the amphibia

1851 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 971-975
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Seminal Fluid ◽  
Germinal Vesicle ◽  
The Body ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
History Of ◽  
Black Surface ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Short Time

The author states that this communication to the Royal Society is part of a series of investigations on development, on which he has been for some years engaged, and which was commenced in a paper on that of the Myriapoda, published in 1841, in the Philosophical Transactions. The plan followed in these investigations has been to combine observations on the natural history of the animals with others on the conditions which affect their development, as the best mode of arriving at correct conclusions. The history of the discovery of what can now be proved to be the direct agent of impregnation, the spermatozoon, is then traced; and it is shown, that although within the last few years an opinion has been gaining ground that the spermatozoon, and not the liquor seminis , as formerly supposed, is the means of impregnation, no acknowledged proof has hitherto been given of the correctness of this opinion, and no refutation afforded to the theory that the liquor seminis is the part of the seminal fluid immediately concerned. The question of the agency of the spermatozoon has thus remained open; and it is to this question, with a view first to supply proof from direct experiments of the fact of the agency of this body, as well as to examine into the circumstances under which this agency is exerted, influenced or impeded, that the present communication is especially devoted. The author then traces the changes in the ovum within the body of the Amphibia, from a short time before the disappearance of the germinal vesicle to the period when the ovum is expelled before impregnation. The structure of the germinal vesicle in the ovarian ovum is shown to be an involution of cells, as stated by Wagner and Barry; but the author differs entirely from the latter respecting the mode of disappearance of the vesicle, and also respecting the part played by its constituents in the production of the embryo. He believes the included cells are liberated by the diffluence of the membrane of the germinal vesicle in the interior of the yelk, not in the centre of the yelk, but much nearer to the upper or dark surface than to the white or inferior, and at the bottom of a short canal, the entrance to which is in the middle of the upper or black surface at a point already noticed by Prevost and Dumas, Rusconi and Boa; and he thinks that it is due to the diffluence of the envelope of the vesicle in this situation that the moment of disappearance has not yet been observed. The germinal vesicle in the Amphibia always disappears before the ovum leaves the ovary, and escapes into the cavity of the abdomen. The mode in which the ovum, after leaving the ovary, is believed to arrive at the entrance of the oviduct is then stated, and the structure of the entrance in the intermedial space, as shown by Swammerdam, described.

The Francis affair reconsidered

1995 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-184
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
University Of Cambridge ◽  
Vice Chancellor ◽  
Charles Ii ◽  
Master Of Arts ◽  
The University ◽  
The Way

Isaac Newton dedicated his Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica to the Royal Society, founded by King Charles II and ‘flourishing under the protection of the most powerful monarch James II.’ Edmond Halley, but for whom the book would probably never have been published, personally presented a copy of it to the King in June 1687, being ‘assured that when the weighty Affairs of your Government permit it; your Majesty has frequently shewn your self enclined to favour Mechanical and Philosophical Discoveries.’ 1 During the previous month, by a curious irony of timing, one of the ‘Affairs of Government’ had been the prosecution of the Vice-Chancellor and Senate of the University of Cambridge, with Isaac Newton standing in court as one of the ‘men either of publick Character in the Body [that is, the Senate], or the Seniors of their Houses, or some way eminently known in the University’. 2 He had stood there as an opponent of the arbitrary demands of James II upon the University. The King sought to introduce into it, as a Master of Arts, a Papist, indeed a Benedictine monk, enjoying the royal confidence: one Alban Francis. Newton’s biographers have agreed that he played a decisive role in stiffening resistance to the royal policy, preparing the way for the trial of the seven bishops and the King’s downfall. 3

V. Observations on the chemical nature of the humours of the eye

1803 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 195-199
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Aqueous Humour ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Accurate Knowledge ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chemical History ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
Alkaline Phosphate

The functions of the eye, so far as they are physical, have been found subject to the common laws of optics. It cannot be expected that chemistry should clear up such obscure points of physiology, as all the operations of vision appear to be; but, some acquaintance with the intimate nature of the substances which produce the effects, cannot fail to be a useful appendage to a knowledge of the mechanical structure of the organ. The chemical history of the humours of the eye, is not of much extent. The aqueous humour had been examined by Bertrandi; who said, that its specific gravity was 975, and therefore less than that of distilled water. Fourcroy, in his Système des Connoissances chimiques , tells us, that it has a saltish taste; that it evaporates without leaving a residuum; but that it contains some animal matter, with some alkaline phosphate and muriate. These contradictions only prove, that we have no accurate knowledge upon the subject.

II. On the temperature of the springs, wells and rivers of India and Egypt, and of the sea and table-lands within the tropics

1845 ◽  
Vol 135 ◽  
pp. 125-139
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Sufficient Data ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Casual Observer ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Perennial Springs

Professor Jameson, in his chapter on the hydrography of India, justly remarks, “Although India, like other great tracts of country, contains many springs, these have hitherto attracted but little attention. The temperature of but few of them is known; their magnitudes and geognostical situations are scarcely ever mentioned; and their chemical composition, excepting in a very few instances, has been neglected. The most important feature in the natural history of common or perennial springs , namely their temperature, is rarely noticed, although a knowledge of this fact is illus­trative, not only of the mean temperature of the climate, but also of the elevations of the land above the level of the sea; and our information in regard to their chemical nature is equally meagre". Since the publication of these remarks, much has been done by Prinsep and others in these branches of Indian hydrography, but more remains to be effected before this reproach can be wiped out. The heat of springs having a temperature little above the mean of that of the surrounding country has been rarely noticed, though I feel convinced many such exist in India. That of springs of high temperature, more attractive to the casual observer, has been more remarked. My own observations, and the few inferences I have ventured to draw from some of them, are not offered as sufficient data for the establishment of laws, but merely as a contributory mite to knowledge; in the view of courting inquiry and observation by others more competent and better situated for continued research than myself. The thermometric observations have been snatched generally on the line of march, or during hasty travel: since my return to England, through the kindness of Mr. Roberton, they have been adjusted to the indications given by the standard thermometer of the Royal Society.

scholarly journals Kobieta i jej rola w historii zbawienia według Klemensa Aleksandryjskiego

Vox Patrum ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 25-38
Author(s):  
Stanisław Łucarz
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Clement Of Alexandria ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

The article focuses on the notion of femaleness and its role in the history of salvation in the works of Clement of Alexandria. Although these are not the central themes of his considerations, he reflects on this subject against the back­ground of his magnificent vision of the incarnation of the divine Logos. The be­getting or generating of Logos by Father is the first stage of the incarnation, which is followed by the next stages: the creation of the world and of human beings, the revelation in the Old Testament and – although not directly – in the Greek philosophy. The last stage is the incarnation in Jesus Christ. All this leads towards the divinization and the unity in God. Femaleness in Clement’s work should be considered as a part of cosmic dimensions. For him, men and women are substan­tially – i.e. on the level of their souls – equal, hence in the spiritual and intellectual dimension both sexes are vested with identical dignity and enjoy equal rights. The differences between sexes are located in the body and affect various aspects of human life, mostly biological and reproductive ones, not to mention the family, community and religious reality. In practice, it is the woman who is subordinated to man due to the fact, as Clement holds, that the female body is weaker than the male one, more subjugated to passivity, less perfect and more susceptible to pas­sions. For that reason, on the way to salvation, it is the man who is the head of the woman. However, it is not an absolute subjection. If the woman goes on the way to salvation (a Christian woman), and the man does not, the Lord is the head of the woman (the divine Logos, whom she follows). All these differences resulting from the possession of a body are eliminated in eschatology, in which will be the total equality. On that way to the eschatological fulfillment, the divine Logos is indispensable. He incarnates himself and comes to the world through a woman. He chooses what is weaker in order to reveal His power. This way it is a woman, and not a man, who first experiences His divinizing closeness and action.

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