XXVII. Some experiments on the combustion of the diamond and other carbonaceous substances

1814 ◽  
Vol 104 ◽  
pp. 557-570 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Carbonaceous Matter ◽  
Refractive Power ◽  
Muriatic Acid ◽  
Guyton De Morveau ◽  
Sensible Qualities

Since it has been shewn by various accurate experiments, that the diamond and common carbonaceous substances con­sume nearly the same quantity of oxygene in combustion, and produce a gas having the same obvious qualities, a number of conjectures have been formed to explain the remarkable differences in the sensible qualities of these bodies, by suppos­ing some minute difference in their chemical composition; these conjectures have been often discussed, it will not be necessary therefore to dwell upon them: M. M. Biot and Arago, from the high refractive power of the diamond, have supposed that it may contain hydrogene; I ventured to sug­gest in my third Bakerian Lecture, from the circumstance of its non-conducting power, and from the action of potassium upon it, that a minute portion of oxygene may exist in it; and in my Account of some new experiments on the fluoric Compounds,I hazarded the idea that it might be the car­bonaceous principle combined with some new light and sub­tile element of the class of supporters of combustion. M. Guyton de Morveau, who conceived he had proved by ex­periments made fourteen years ago, that common carbona­ceous substances were, oxides of diamonds, from his last re­searches, conducted in the same manner as those of Messrs. Allen and Pepys, seems still inclined to adopt this opinion, though in admitting a much smaller quantity of oxygene than he originally supposed in charcoal; and he considers the dia­mond as pure carbonaceous matter, containing, possibly, some atoms of water of crystallisation. I have long had a desire of making some new experiments on the combustion of the diamond and other carbonaceous substances, and this desire was increased by the new facts ascertained with respect to iodine, which by uniting to hydrogene, affords an acid so analogous to muriatic acid, that it was for some time confounded with that substance. My object in these experiments, was to examine minutely whether any peculiar matter was separated from the diamond during its combustion, and to determine whether the gas, formed in this process, was precisely the same in its minute chemical nature, as that formed in the combustion of common charcoal. I have lately been able to accomplish my wishes; I shall now have the honour of communicating my results to the Royal Society.

scholarly journals Some experiments on the combustion of the diamond and other carbonaceous substances

1832 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 511-512
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
Remarkable Difference ◽  
Refractive Power ◽  
Guyton De Morveau ◽  
Humphry Davy ◽  
The Many ◽  
Sensible Qualities

Notwithstanding the many accurate experiments which have been made and recorded, showing that diamond and carbonaceous substances combine with the same quantity of oxygen, and form the same quantity of carbonic acid, various conjectures have been formed respecting some difference in their chemical composition, which might account for the remarkable difference in various sensible qualities. Messrs. Biot and Arago conjectured, from the great refractive power of the diamond, that hydrogen must be present. Guyton de Morveau imagined that other carbonaceous substances were oxides of diamond; and Sir Humphry Davy himself supposed, on the contrary, that diamond, as a non-conductor of electricity, probably contained oxygen, and afterwards that it contained some new principle of the same class with oxygen.

II. On the temperature of the springs, wells and rivers of India and Egypt, and of the sea and table-lands within the tropics

1845 ◽  
Vol 135 ◽  
pp. 125-139
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Sufficient Data ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Casual Observer ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Perennial Springs

Professor Jameson, in his chapter on the hydrography of India, justly remarks, “Although India, like other great tracts of country, contains many springs, these have hitherto attracted but little attention. The temperature of but few of them is known; their magnitudes and geognostical situations are scarcely ever mentioned; and their chemical composition, excepting in a very few instances, has been neglected. The most important feature in the natural history of common or perennial springs , namely their temperature, is rarely noticed, although a knowledge of this fact is illus­trative, not only of the mean temperature of the climate, but also of the elevations of the land above the level of the sea; and our information in regard to their chemical nature is equally meagre". Since the publication of these remarks, much has been done by Prinsep and others in these branches of Indian hydrography, but more remains to be effected before this reproach can be wiped out. The heat of springs having a temperature little above the mean of that of the surrounding country has been rarely noticed, though I feel convinced many such exist in India. That of springs of high temperature, more attractive to the casual observer, has been more remarked. My own observations, and the few inferences I have ventured to draw from some of them, are not offered as sufficient data for the establishment of laws, but merely as a contributory mite to knowledge; in the view of courting inquiry and observation by others more competent and better situated for continued research than myself. The thermometric observations have been snatched generally on the line of march, or during hasty travel: since my return to England, through the kindness of Mr. Roberton, they have been adjusted to the indications given by the standard thermometer of the Royal Society.

scholarly journals Traditional Applications of Tannin Rich Extracts Supported by Scientific Data: Chemical Composition, Bioavailability and Bioaccessibility

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 251
Author(s):  
Maria Fraga-Corral ◽  
Paz Otero ◽  
Lucia Cassani ◽  
Javier Echave ◽  
Paula Garcia-Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Chemical Profile ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Scientific Approach ◽  
Food Applications

Tannins are polyphenolic compounds historically utilized in textile and adhesive industries, but also in traditional human and animal medicines or foodstuffs. Since 20th-century, advances in analytical chemistry have allowed disclosure of the chemical nature of these molecules. The chemical profile of extracts obtained from previously selected species was investigated to try to establish a bridge between traditional background and scientific data. The study of the chemical composition of these extracts has permitted us to correlate the presence of tannins and other related molecules with the effectiveness of their apparent uses. The revision of traditional knowledge paired with scientific evidence may provide a supporting background on their use and the basis for developing innovative pharmacology and food applications based on formulations using natural sources of tannins. This traditional-scientific approach can result useful due to the raising consumers’ demand for natural products in markets, to which tannin-rich extracts may pose an attractive alternative. Therefore, it is of interest to back traditional applications with accurate data while meeting consumer’s acceptance. In this review, several species known to contain high amounts of tannins have been selected as a starting point to establish a correlation between their alleged traditional use, tannins content and composition and potential bioaccessibility.

Royal Society: On Hendry's Crystals

1864 ◽  
Vol s2-4 (15) ◽  
pp. 241-246
Author(s):  
WILLIAM HENDRY
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Glass Slide ◽  
Thin Glass ◽  
Similar Treatment ◽  
Glass Cover

The author stated that four years since, in attempting to substitute fusion by the blowpipe for cement, in fixing their glass covers to slides, he noticed masses of crystals produced in the covers after the treatment, and believing them to be unkown, he named them after himself. To obtain the crytals he heats a thin glass cover on a piece of mica, over a spirit-lamp, holding both with forceps; then quickly turning them to the side of the flame, applies a blowpipe, withdrawing the cover to the apex of the flame for a few moments. An examination with a 1 or ½inch objective will then show the crystals. Similar results were ottseryed in a thin glass slide, after a similar treatment, when examined with a 1/12th objective. Specimens were sent with the paper, and the author suggests that it would be desirable to ascertain the chemical nature of the crystals, whether a silicate of lead or soda.

scholarly journals XI. On the mutual action of sulphuric acid and naphthaline, and on a new acid produced

1826 ◽  
Vol 116 ◽  
pp. 140-162 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
General Nature ◽  
Carbonaceous Matter ◽  
Gas Products ◽  
The Subject ◽  
New Compounds ◽  
Oil Gas ◽  
Mutual Action

In a Paper on new compounds of carbon and hydrogen , lately honoured by the Royal Society with a place in the Philosophical Transactions, I had occasion briefly to notice, the peculiar action exerted on certain of those compounds by sulphuric acid. During my attempts to ascertain more minutely the general nature of this action, I was led to suspect the occasional combination of the hydro-carbonaceous matter with the acid, and even its entrance into the constitution of the salts, which the acid afterwards formed with bases. Although this opinion proved incorrect, relative to the peculiar hydro-carbons forming the subject of that Paper, yet it led to experiments upon analogous bodies, and amongst others, upon naphthaline, which terminated in the production of the new acid body and salts now to be described. Some of the results obtained by the use of the oil gas products are very peculiar. If, when completed, I find them sufficiently interesting, I shall think it my duty to place them before the Royal Society, as explicatory of that action of sulphuric acid which was briefly noticed in my last Paper.

scholarly journals XVI. On the relation between boiling-point and composition organic compounds

1860 ◽  
Vol 150 ◽  
pp. 257-276 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Molecular Volume ◽  
Isomeric Compound ◽  
Boiling Points ◽  
Constituent Elements ◽  
Further Development

The researches which I beg, in the following pages, to submit to the Royal Society, embody the results obtained in the further development of an observation which I made a considerable number of years ago, and which, since that time, I had to defend against the objections of others, both by experimental inquiries of my own, and by the collection and discussion of facts elicited in the investigations of other observers. As far back as 1841* I pointed out that in analogous compounds the same difference of composition frequently involves the same difference in boiling-points. The assertion of the existence of this law-like relation between the chemical composition of substances and one of their most important physical properties, when first enunciated, met rather with the opposition than with the assent of chemists. In Germany especially it was contested by Schröder in his memoir “On the Molecular Volume of Chemical Compounds.” These objections led me to collect additional evidence in favour of my views, and to show more particularly that in very extensive series of compounds (alcohols C n H n+2 O 2 ; acids C n H n O 4 ; compound ethers C n H n O 4 , &c.) an elementary difference x C 2 H 2 is attended by a difference of x X 19°C. in the boiling-points, and how this fact is intimately connected with other regularities exhibited by the boiling-points of organic compounds. Almost at the same period Schröder § convinced himself that the relation I had pointed out obtains in most cases. He collected himself a considerable number of illustrations of the regularities I had traced, and showed that the relation in question is rendered more especially conspicuous if the compounds be expressed by formulæ representing equal vapour-volumes of the several substances. Some of the views, however, which were peculiar to Schröder have not gained the approbation of chemists. This physicist was inclined to consider the boiling-point of a substance as the most essential criterion of its proximate constituents, as the most trustworthy indicator of its molecular consti­tution. His views were chiefly based upon the assumption that the elementary difference C 2 H 2 , when occurring in alcohols C n H n+2 O 2 , involved a difference of boiling-points other than that occasioned by the same elementary difference obtaining in acids C n H n O 4 and that the isomeric compound ethers differed from one another in their boiling-points. An extensive series of boiling-point determinations* which I made of these isomeric ethers, proved that the latter assumption is not founded on facts. The exertions made by Schröder, Gerhardt, Löwig and others, in the hope of recognizing the influence of the constituent elements on the boiling-point of a compound, have also essentially remained without result.

Early Opposition to the Phlogiston Theory: Two Anonymous Attacks

1970 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carleton Perrin
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Chemical Processes ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Equal Weight ◽  
Phlogiston Theory ◽  
Guyton De Morveau ◽  
Simultaneous Loss ◽  
General Fact

For French chemistry the early 1770's were lively years of discovery and controversy. Two neglected areas of research were opened up in 1772 with the publication of the Digressions académiques by Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau and with the first knowledge of later British pneumatic chemistry. Guyton's book established the general fact of weight-gain in metals upon calcination, thereby raising the problem of reconciling this gain with simultaneous loss of phlogiston. The spread of pneumatic chemistry, which proceeded rapidly in 1773, stimulated a renewed interest in the nature of air and its part in chemical composition. It was, of course, Antoine Laurent Lavoisier who perceived a relationship between these two developments—one which he believed would revolutionize the current understanding of chemical processes. In 1772 Lavoisier began the series of investigations which culminated in his Opuscules physiques et chimiques (1774), in which he demonstrated that weight-gain in both calcination and combustion is correlated with absorption of an equal weight of air.

scholarly journals On the composition of zeolite

1832 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 396-397
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Crystalline Form ◽  
Constituent Part ◽  
Muriatic Acid ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Two Bodies

Although the substance called Natrolite by Mr. Klaproth has lately been found, under a crystalline form, perfectly similar to that of mesotype, M. Haüy has not thought himself warranted, from this circumstance, to consider these two bodies as of the same species, on account of the difference of their chemical composition; because, according to the analysis of M. Vauquelin, there was not observed to be any soda in zeolite, but, on the contrary, a considerable quantity of lime, which is not a constituent part of natrolite. Mr. Smithson, on the contrary, is inclined to consider them as the same substance, by the agreement of their chemical properties, as well as crystallographical form. Although he had, many years since, found that the zeolite of Staffa contained soda, as has since been observed by Dr. Hutton and Dr. Kennedy, he still felt uncertain whether these were of the same kind as those analysed by M. Vauquelin: but having lately received from M. Haüy a cluster of mesotype in rectangular prisms, terminated by a quadrangular pyramid, Mr. Smithson took this opportunity of ascertaining whether this substance and natrolite did or did not differ in their composition. The method pursued by the author in the analysis of zeolite was first to expose ten grains of it to a strong heat, for the purpose of ascertaining the loss; and he found it to be ·95 grain. An equal quantity was then dissolved in muriatic acid; and after the solution had been evaporated to dryness, the residuum was exposed to a red heat. Water was then poured upon it, and dissolved a portion, which, upon evaporation, was found to be muriate of soda, weighing 3·15 grains. From the solution of this salt, neither carbonate of ammonia nor oxalic acid occasioned any precipitate; by which it appeared that this zeolite contained no lime.

scholarly journals XVI.—On the Solubility of Fluoride of Calcium in Water, and its relation to the occurrence of Fluorine in Minerals, and in Recent and Fossil Plants and Animals

1846 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Wilson
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Fossil Plants ◽  
Zoological Society ◽  
Animal Remains ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Fossil Bones

The investigation I am about to bring before the Royal Society, was undertaken in consequence of a discussion which took place in the Zoological Society of London in 1843, in reference to the chemical composition of the bones of the gigantic bird the Dinornis, discovered some time previously in New Zealand. At the meeting in question, the distinguished palæontologist Dr Falconer drew attention to the frequent, if not constant, occurrence of fluoride of calcium in fossil bones, and, as he stated, also in those of mummies; and threw out the suggestion, that the fluoride might shew itself in these animal remains, not as an original ingredient of the bones, or as derived from the matrix in which they were found, but as a product of the transmutation of their phosphate of lime. The idea of such a conversion taking place, is as old at least as the days of Klaproth, who suggested the possibility of phosphoric acid becoming changed into fluoric. It is commented upon by Fourcroy and Vauquelin, as well as by Gay Lussac, as a thing possible but not probable, and which their ignorance of the nature of fluoric acid prevented them from discussing satisfactorily.

scholarly journals X. An investigation on the chemical nature of wax

1848 ◽  
Vol 138 ◽  
pp. 147-158
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Remarkable Change ◽  
Vegetable Products ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chemical History ◽  
Von Liebig ◽  
The Way

In the summer of 1845, while studying at Giessen, in the laboratory of Professor von Liebig, I undertook, at the request of that distinguished chemist, the analysis of certain waxes which were the results of an experiment made by Herr Gundlach of Cassel, of feeding bees upon different kinds of sugar. It is not my intention to give those analyses here, and I mention them now only for the purpose of stating that it was this circumstance which first turned my attention to the inquiry of which I now offer the results to the Royal Society, and that it was in Professor von Liebig’s laboratory that this investigation was begun. Various chemists have before me undertaken a similar inquiry. The chemical history of a substance so abundant in nature and so useful to man as wax was always a curious question. Of late it has acquired a peculiar interest from our knowledge, derived from repeated experiments, that wax is formed in the organs of the bee, and that in the body of that insect that remarkable change of sugar into wax takes place, the knowledge of the true conditions of which would, we may hope, throw light upon the formation of fatty bodies, and on the way by which out of vegetable products the continual repair of the animal structure is effected. The first step to such a knowledge must be the accurate study of the chemical nature of those substances which are thus produced.

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