Methanospirillum stamsii sp. nov., a psychrotolerant, hydrogenotrophic, methanogenic archaeon isolated from an anaerobic expanded granular sludge bed bioreactor operated at low temperature

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (Pt_1) ◽  
pp. 180-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofiya N. Parshina ◽  
Anna V. Ermakova ◽  
Malin Bomberg ◽  
Ekaterina N. Detkova
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Granular Sludge ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Strictly Anaerobic ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Methanospirillum Hungatei ◽  
Link Type

A psychrotolerant hydrogenotrophic methanogen, strain Pt1, was isolated from a syntrophic propionate-oxidizing methanogenic consortium obtained from granulated biomass of a two-stage low-temperature (3–8 °C) anaerobic expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) bioreactor, fed with a mixture of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) (acetate, propionate and butyrate). The strain was strictly anaerobic, and cells were curved rods, 0.4–0.5×7.5–25 µm, that sometimes formed wavy filaments from 25 to several hundred micrometres in length. Cells stained Gram-negative and were non-sporulating. They were gently motile by means of tufted flagella. The strain grew at 5–37 °C (optimum at 20–30 °C), at pH 6.0–10 (optimum 7.0–7.5) and with 0–0.3 M NaCl (optimum 0 M NaCl). Growth and methane production was found with H2/CO2 and very weak growth with formate. Acetate and yeast extract stimulated growth, but were not essential. The G+C content of the DNA of strain Pt1 was 40 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain Pt1 was a member of the genus Methanospirillum and showed 97.5 % sequence similarity to Methanospirillum hungatei JF1T and 94 % sequence similarity to Methanospirillum lacunae Ki8-1T. DNA–DNA hybridization of strain Pt1 with Methanospirillum hungatei JF1T revealed 39 % relatedness. On the basis of its phenotypic characteristics and phylogenetic position, strain Pt1 is a representative of a novel species of the genus Methanospirillum , for which the name Methanospirillum stamsii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Pt1T ( = DSM 26304T = VKM B-2808T).

Thermoanaerobacter pentosaceus sp. nov., an anaerobic, extremely thermophilic, high ethanol-yielding bacterium isolated from household waste

2013 ◽  
Vol 63 (Pt_7) ◽  
pp. 2396-2404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Faria Tomás ◽  
Dimitar Karakashev ◽  
Irini Angelidaki
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Strictly Anaerobic ◽  
Phylogenetic Distance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type

An extremely thermophilic, xylanolytic, spore-forming and strictly anaerobic bacterium, strain DTU01T, was isolated from a continuously stirred tank reactor fed with xylose and household waste. Cells stained Gram-negative and were rod-shaped (0.5–2 µm in length). Spores were terminal with a diameter of approximately 0.5 µm. Optimal growth occurred at 70 °C and pH 7, with a maximum growth rate of 0.1 h−1. DNA G+C content was 34.2 mol%. Strain DTU01T could ferment arabinose, cellobiose, fructose, galactose, glucose, lactose, mannitol, mannose, melibiose, pectin, starch, sucrose, xylan, yeast extract and xylose, but not cellulose, Avicel, inositol, inulin, glycerol, rhamnose, acetate, lactate, ethanol, butanol or peptone. Ethanol was the major fermentation product and a maximum yield of 1.39 mol ethanol per mol xylose was achieved when sulfite was added to the cultivation medium. Thiosulfate, but not sulfate, nitrate or nitrite, could be used as electron acceptor. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain DTU01T was shown to be closely related to Thermoanaerobacter mathranii A3T, Thermoanaerobacter italicus Ab9T and Thermoanaerobacter thermocopriae JT3-3T, with 98–99 % similarity. Despite this, the physiological and phylogenetic differences (DNA G+C content, substrate utilization, electron acceptors, phylogenetic distance and isolation site) allow for the proposal of strain DTU01T as a representative of a novel species within the genus Thermoanaerobacter , for which the name Thermoanaerobacter pentosaceus sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain DTU01T ( = DSM 25963T = KCTC 4529T = VKM B-2752T = CECT 8142T).

Dysosmobacter welbionis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from human faeces and emended description of the genus Oscillibacter

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
pp. 4851-4858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiphaine Le Roy ◽  
Patrick Van der Smissen ◽  
Adrien Paquot ◽  
Nathalie Delzenne ◽  
Giulio G. Muccioli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Strictly Anaerobic ◽  
Respiratory Quinone ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Human Faeces ◽  
Link Type

A strictly anaerobic, Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming, non-motile, non-pigmented bacterium, strain J115T, was isolated from human faeces. Cells of strain J115T were straight rods, generally 1.8–3.0 µm, but could be up to 18 µm long. Growth occurred below 2 % (w/v) NaCl and 2 % (v/v) bile. Strain J115T produced acid from myo-inositol but not from d-glucose, d-ribose or d-xylose. Butyric acid was the major end-product from myo-inositol. The genomic DNA G+C content was 58.92 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that the closest cultivated neighbours of strain J115T were Oscillibacter ruminantium GH1T (95.4 % similarity) and Oscillibacter valericigenes Sjm18-20T (94.1 %). Strain J115T was also related to the not-yet-cultured bacterium Oscillospira guilliermondii (92–93 % similarity). Coherently with the 16S rRNA gene sequence results, the ANI scores don't have units of strain J115T to O. ruminantium GH1T and O. valericigenes Sjm18-20T were 73.37 and 73.24, respectively, while in silico estimations of DNA–DNA hybridization were both 20.4 %, with confidence intervals of 18.2–22.9 % and 18.2–22.8 %, respectively. The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0 (24.2 %), C18 : 0 DMA (18.4 %), anteiso-C15 : 0 (15.2 %) and C16 : 0 DMA (7.6 %). No respiratory quinone was detected. Based on phenotypic features and phylogenetic position, it is proposed that this isolate represents a novel species in a new genus, Dysosmobacter welbionis gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain of Dysosmobacter welbionis is J115T (DSM 106889T=LMG 30601T).

scholarly journals Reclassification of Desulfobacterium anilini as Desulfatiglans anilini comb. nov. within Desulfatiglans gen. nov., and description of a 4-chlorophenol-degrading sulfate-reducing bacterium, Desulfatiglans parachlorophenolica sp. nov.

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (Pt_9) ◽  
pp. 3081-3086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisuke Suzuki ◽  
Zhiling Li ◽  
Xinxin Cui ◽  
Chunfung Zhang ◽  
Arata Katayama
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Electron Acceptors ◽  
Electron Donors ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Strictly Anaerobic ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sulfate Reducing ◽  
Link Type

A strictly anaerobic, mesophilic, sulfate-reducing bacterial strain (DST), isolated from river sediment contaminated with volatile organic compounds, was characterized phenotypically and phylogenetically. Cells were Gram-reaction-negative, non-motile short rods. For growth, optimum NaCl concentration was 0.9 g l−1, optimum temperature was 30 °C and optimum pH was 7.2. Strain DST utilized phenol, benzoate, 4-hydroxybenzoate, 4-methylphenol, 4-chlorophenol, acetate, butyrate and pyruvate as electron donors for sulfate reduction. Electron donors were completely oxidized. Strain DST did not utilize sulfite, thiosulfate or nitrate as electron acceptors. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain DST was 58.9 mol%. Major cellular fatty acids were iso-C14 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and C18 : 1ω7c. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene indicated its closest relatives were strains of Desulfobacterium anilini (about 98–99 % sequence similarity) but the DNA–DNA hybridization value with Desulfobacterium anilini Ani1T was around 40 %. Although strain DST and its relatives shared most phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, the utilization of 4-chlorophenol, the range of electron acceptors and the optimum growth conditions differed. Strain DST is closely related to strains of Desulfobacterium anilini , but constitutes a different species within the genus. Based on phylogeny, phenotypic characteristics and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain DST and Desulfobacterium anilini were clearly different from strains of other species of the genus Desulfobacterium . We thus propose the reclassification of Desulfobacterium anilini within a new genus, Desulfatiglans gen. nov., as Desulfatiglans anilini comb. nov. We also propose Desulfatiglans parachlorophenolica sp. nov. to accommodate strain DST. The type strain is DST ( = JCM 19179T = DSM 27197T).

scholarly journals Thermoflavifilum aggregans gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermophilic and slightly halophilic filamentous bacterium from the phylum Bacteroidetes

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (Pt_4) ◽  
pp. 1264-1270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heike Anders ◽  
Peter F. Dunfield ◽  
Kirill Lagutin ◽  
Karen M. Houghton ◽  
Jean F. Power ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Total Lipid Extract ◽  
Strictly Aerobic ◽  
Respiratory Quinone ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Heated Soil

A strictly aerobic, thermophilic, moderately acidophilic, non-spore-forming bacterium, strain P373T, was isolated from geothermally heated soil at Waikite, New Zealand. Cells were filamentous rods, 0.2–0.4 µm in diameter and grew in chains up to 80 µm in length. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain P373T was shown to belong to the family Chitinophagaceae (class Sphingobacteriia ) of the phylum Bacteroidetes , with the most closely related cultivated strain, Chitinophaga pinensis UQM 2034T, having 87.6 % sequence similarity. Cells stained Gram-negative, and were catalase- and oxidase-positive. The major fatty acids were i-15 : 0 (10.8 %), i-17 : 0 (24.5 %) and i-17 : 0 3-OH (35.2 %). Primary lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids and three other unidentified polar lipids. The presence of sulfonolipids (N-acyl-capnines) was observed in the total lipid extract by mass spectrometry. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 47.3 mol% and the primary respiratory quinone was MK-7. Strain P373T grew at 35–63 °C with an optimum temperature of 60 °C, and at pH 5.5–8.7 with an optimum growth pH of 7.3–7.4. NaCl tolerance was up to 5 % (w/v) with an optimum of 0.1–0.25 % (w/v). Cell colonies were non-translucent and pigmented vivid yellow–orange. Cells displayed an oxidative chemoheterotrophic metabolism. The distinct phylogenetic position and the phenotypic characteristics separate strain P373T from all other members of the phylum Bacteroidetes and indicate that it represents a novel species in a new genus, for which the name Thermoflavifilum aggregans gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is P373T ( = ICMP 20041T = DSM 27268T).

Fonticella tunisiensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a hot spring

2013 ◽  
Vol 63 (Pt_6) ◽  
pp. 1947-1950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belkis Fraj ◽  
Wajdi Ben Hania ◽  
Anne Postec ◽  
Moktar Hamdi ◽  
Bernard Ollivier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Hot Spring ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Strictly Anaerobic ◽  
Fermentation Products ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Moderately Thermophilic ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Nitrate And Nitrite

A strictly anaerobic, moderately thermophilic, halotolerant rod, designated BELH25T, was isolated from a water sample of a Tunisian hot spring. Cells were non-motile, 2–6 µm long and 0.4–0.6 µm wide, appearing singly or in pairs. The isolate grew at 45–70 °C (optimum 55 °C), at pH 6.2–8.0 (optimum pH 7.0) and with 0–4 % NaCl (optimum 0–2.0 %). Sulfate, thiosulfate, elemental sulfur, sulfite, nitrate and nitrite were not used as terminal electron acceptors. Strain BELH25T used cellobiose, fructose, galactose, glucose, maltose, mannose, sucrose, starch and yeast extract as electron donors. The main fermentation products from glucose metabolism were formate, acetate, ethanol and CO2. The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0. The DNA G+C content was 37.2 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain BELH25T was most closely related to Caloramator viterbiensis JW/MS-VS5T and Fervidicella metallireducens AeBT (92.2 and 92.1 % sequence similarity, respectively), and the isolate was positioned approximately equidistantly between these genera. Based on phenotypic, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain BELH25T is proposed to be a member of a novel species of a novel genus within the order Clostridiales , family Clostridiaceae , for which the name Fonticella tunisiensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is BELH25T ( = DSM 24455T = JCM 17559T).

Blautia liquoris sp. nov., isolated from the mud in a fermentation cellar used for the production of Chinese strong-flavour liquor

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling-Fei Lu ◽  
Yang Yang ◽  
Li-Juan Chai ◽  
Zhen-Ming Lu ◽  
Li-Qiang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Strictly Anaerobic ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
The Family

A novel Gram-positive, non-motile, non-flagellated, strictly anaerobic, non-spore-forming and dumbbell-shaped, coccoid- or chain-shaped bacterium, designated strain LZLJ-3T, was isolated from a mud fermentation cellar which has been used for the production of Chinese strong-flavour liquor for over 100 years. Strain LZLJ-3T grew at 20–40 °C (optimum, 37 °C), at pH 6.0–8.0 (optimum, pH 8.0) and with NaCl concentrations up to 1 % (w/v; optimum, 0 %). Phylogenetic trees established based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain LZLJ-3T belonged to the genus Blautia of the family Lachnospiraceae, with the highest sequence similarity to Blautia stercoris GAM6-1T (91.7 %) and Blautia faecicola KGMB01111T (91.7 %). Comparative genome analysis showed that the orthologous average nucleotide identity (OrthoANI) and genome-to-genome distance (GGD) values between strain LZLJ-3T and B. stercoris GAM6-1T were respectively 69.1 and 22.9 %; the OrthoANI and GGD values between strain LZLJ-3T and B. faecicola KGMB01111T were respectively 70.86 and 36 % . The DNA G+C content of strain LZLJ-3T genome was 42.1 mol%. The predominant celluar fatty acids (>10 %) of strain LZLJ-3T were C16 : 0 FAME (27.9 %), C14 : 0 FAME (17.6 %) and C16 : 0 DMA (13.0 %). Arabinose, glucose and maltose could be utilized by strain LZLJ-3T as sole carbon sources for growth, with weak utilization of raffinose and l-fucose. API ZYM analysis gave positive reactions with α-galactosidase, β-galactosidase, α-glucosidase and β-glucosidase. The major end product of glucose fermentation was acetic acid. Based on the results of phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic analyses, strain LZLJ-3T is considered to represent a novel species of Blautia , for which the name Blautia liquoris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LZLJ-3T (=KCTC 25163T=CGMCC 1.5299T=JCM 34225T).

Flavobacterium anatoliense sp. nov., isolated from fresh water, and emended description of Flavobacterium ceti

2013 ◽  
Vol 63 (Pt_6) ◽  
pp. 2075-2081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murat Kacagan ◽  
Kadriye Inan ◽  
Ali Osman Belduz ◽  
Sabriye Canakci
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Strictly Aerobic ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Emended Description

A Gram-staining-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped bacterial strain isolated from fresh water in Trabzon, Turkey and designated MK3T was characterized by phenotypic and molecular methods in order to determine its phylogenetic position. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain MK3T was shown to belong to the genus Flavobacterium , being most closely related to Flavobacterium ceti CECT 7184T (93.6 %). Sequence similarity with other species of the genus Flavobacterium with validly published names was less than 91.6 %. Phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data supported the affiliation of strain MK3T to the genus Flavobacterium . The only menaquinone was MK-6; the major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0 (45.2 %), summed feature 9 (C16 : 0 10-methyl and/or iso-C17 : 1ω9c; 20.4 %) and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c; 13.3 %) and the major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminophospholipid and two unidentified phospholipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 38.6 mol%. The results of physiological and biochemical tests allowed strain MK3T to be distinguished phenotypically from Flavobacterium ceti CECT 7184T. Strain MK3T, therefore, represents a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium , for which the name Flavobacterium anatoliense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MK3T ( = LMG 26441T = NCCB 100384T). An emended description of Flavobacterium ceti is also proposed.

Description of Xenorhabdus magdalenensis sp. nov., the symbiotic bacterium associated with Steinernema australe

2012 ◽  
Vol 62 (Pt_8) ◽  
pp. 1761-1765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Tailliez ◽  
Sylvie Pagès ◽  
Steve Edgington ◽  
Lukasz M. Tymo ◽  
Alan G. Buddie
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Symbiotic Bacterium ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Bacterium Strain ◽  
The Difference

A symbiotic bacterium, strain IMI 397775T, was isolated from the insect-pathogenic nematode Steinernema australe. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, this bacterial isolate was shown to belong to the genus Xenorhabdus , in agreement with the genus of its nematode host. The accurate phylogenetic position of this new isolate was defined using a multigene approach and showed that isolate IMI 397775T shares a common ancestor with Xenorhabdus doucetiae FRM16T and Xenorhabdus romanii PR06-AT, the symbiotic bacteria associated with Steinernema diaprepesi and Steinernema puertoricense, respectively. The nucleotide identity (less than 97 %) between isolate IMI 397775T, X. doucetiae FRM16T and X. romanii PR06-AT calculated for the concatenated sequences of five gene fragments encompassing 4275 nt, several phenotypic traits and the difference between the upper temperatures that limit growth of these three bacteria allowed genetic and phenotypic differentiation of isolate IMI 397775T from the two closely related species. Strain IMI 397775T therefore represents a novel species, for which the name Xenorhabdus magdalenensis sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain IMI 397775T ( = DSM 24915T).

scholarly journals Kushneria phosphatilytica sp. nov., a phosphate-solubilizing bacterium isolated from a solar saltern

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guang-Xun Du ◽  
Ling-Yun Qu ◽  
Xu-Guang Hong ◽  
Cheng-Hua Li ◽  
De-Wen Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
23S Rrna ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Circular Chromosome ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
A Genome

A Gram-stain-negative, motile, rod-shaped, non-endospore-forming, aerobic and halophilic bacterium, designated strain YCWA18T, was isolated from the sediment of Jimo-Daqiao saltern in China. This strain was able to grow at NaCl concentrations in the range 0.5–20 % (w/v) with optimum growth at 6 % (w/v) NaCl. Growth occurred at temperatures of 4–40 °C (optimum 28 °C) and pH 4.0–9.0 (optimum 7.0). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain YCWA18T belonged to the genus Kushneria and shared the highest sequence similarity of 98.7 % with Kushneria sinocarnis DSM 23229T. Moreover, the phylogenetic analysis based on the 23S rRNA gene sequence also confirmed the phylogenetic position of this novel strain. The predominant fatty acids were C16 : 0, C17 : 0 cyclo and C12 : 0 3-OH. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-9 (94.2 %) and the polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), an unidentified aminolipid (AL), an unidentified phospholipids (PL) and two unidentified lipids (L). The complete genome of strain YCWA18T consisted of a single, circular chromosome of 3 624 619 bp, with an average G+C content of 59.1 mol%. A genome-based phylogenetic tree constructed using an up-to-date bacterial core gene set (UBCG) showed that strain YCWA18T formed a clade with K. sinocarnis DSM 23229T. However, the level of the ANI and dDDH values between strain YCWA18T and K. sinocarnis DSM 23229T were 82.3 and 24.6 %, respectively, which were low enough to distinguish strain YCWA18T from K. sinocarnis DSM 23229T. Overall, based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, phylogenetic and genomic analyses, strain YCWA18T represents a novel species of genus Kushneria . The name Kushneria phosphatilytica sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain YCWA18T (=CGMCC 1.9149T=NCCB 100306T).

Clostridium zeae sp. nov., isolated from corn silage

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hisami Kobayashi ◽  
Yasuhiro Tanizawa ◽  
Masaru Yagura ◽  
Mitsuo Sakamoto ◽  
Moriya Ohkuma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Dimethyl Acetal ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Polar Lipids ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Strictly Anaerobic ◽  
Whole Genome Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type

A rod-shaped, Gram-stain-negative, strictly anaerobic, catalase-negative and endospore-forming bacterial strain CSC2T was isolated from corn silage preserved in Tochigi, Japan. The strain CSC2T grew at 15–40 °C, at pH 5.0–7.7 and with up to 0.5 % (w/v) NaCl. The main cellular fatty acids were C14 : 0, C16 : 0 and C16 : 0 dimethyl acetal. The cellular polar lipids detected were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, lysophosphatidylcholine and two unidentified polar lipids. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene showed that strain CSC2T was a member of the genus Clostridium and closely related to Clostridium polyendosporum DSM 57272T (95.6 % gene sequence similarity) and Clostridium fallax ATCC 19400T (95.3 %). The genomic DNA G+C content of strain CSC2T was 31.1 mol% (whole genome analysis). The average nucleotide identity based on blast and digital DNA–DNA hybridization values between strain CSC2T and the type strains of phylogenetically related species were below 71 and 24 %, respectively. On the basis of the genotypic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, it is proposed to designate strain CSC2T as representing Clostridium zeae sp. nov. The type strain is CSC2T (=MAFF212476T=JCM 33766T=DSM 111242T).

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