human faeces
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Author(s):  
Gui Zhang ◽  
Jing Yang ◽  
Xin-He Lai ◽  
Dong Jin ◽  
Shan Lu ◽  
...  

Six novel facultatively anaerobic, Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped, non-haemolytic bacteria (zg-320T/zg-336, zg-917T/zg-910 and zg-913T/zg-915) isolated from animal tissues and human faeces were found to belong to the genus Corynebacterium based on the phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA gene and 262 core genes set. Based on the greatest degree of 16S rRNA similarity, zg-320T/zg-336 had the highest 16S rRNA gene similarity to Corynebacterium falsenii DSM 44353T (97.51 %), zg-917T/zg-910 to Corynebacterium coyleae DSM 44184T (98.68 %), and zg-913T/zg-915 to Corynebacterium afermentans subsp. lipophilum CIP 103500T (98.79 %). The three novel type strains had a relatively high DNA G+C content (61.2–64.4 mol%), low DNA relatedness and ANI values with their respective neighbours: 23.5/72.7 %, 25.0/72.3%and 22.6/73.1 % (zg-320T vs. Corynebacterium auriscanis CIP 106629T, Corynebacterium resistens DSM 45100T and Corynebacterium suicordis DSM 45110T); 24.4/82.3% and 23.7/81.3 % (zg-917T vs. C. coyleae DSM 44184T and Corynebacterium jeddahense JCBT); 26.8/83.7% and 27.7/84.4 % (zg-913T vs. Corynebacterium mucifaciens ATCC 700355T and C. afermentans subsp. lipophilum CCUG 32105T). The three novel species had C16 : 0, C18 : 0, C18 : 1  ω9c and C18 : 0 ante/C18 : 2  ω6,9c as the major cellular fatty acids; MK-8(H2) in strain zg-917T and MK-9(H2) in strains zg-320T and zg-913T were found to be the major respiratory quinones. For the three novel species, the detected major polar lipids included diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidyl inositol mannoside, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol, the cell-wall peptidoglycan was based on meso-DAP, and the whole-cell sugars mainly included ribose, arabinose and galactose. The three novel species grew optimally at 35–37 °C, 0.5 % (w/v) NaCl and pH 7.0–8.0; notably, they were tolerant of 10.5 % (w/v) NaCl. Based on the results of these comprehensive analyses, three novel species in the genus Corynebacterium are proposed, aptly named Corynebacterium zhongnanshanii sp. nov. (zg-320T = GDMCC 1.1719T = JCM 34106T), Corynebacterium lujinxingii sp. nov. (zg-917T = GDMCC 1.1707T = JCM 34094T) and Corynebacterium wankanglinii sp. nov. (zg-913T = GDMCC 1.1706T = JCM 34398T).


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 139
Author(s):  
Jae Wook Chung ◽  
Gabriel Gerner ◽  
Ekaterina Ovsyannikova ◽  
Alexander Treichler ◽  
Urs Baier ◽  
...  

Background: The provision of safe sanitation services is essential for human well-being and environmental integrity, but it is often lacking in less developed communities with insufficient financial and technical resources. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) has been suggested as an alternative sanitation technology, producing value-added products from faecal waste. We evaluated the HTC technology for raw human waste treatment in terms of resource recovery. In addition, we constructed and tested a low-cost HTC reactor for its technical feasibility. Methods: Raw human faeces were hydrothermally treated in a mild severity range (≤ 200 °C and ≤ 1 hr). The total energy recovery was analysed from the energy input, higher heating value (HHV) of hydrochar and biomethane potential of process water. The nutrient contents were recovered through struvite precipitation employing process water and acid leachate from hydrochar ash. A bench-scale low-cost reactor (BLR) was developed using widely available materials and tested for human faeces treatment. Results: The hydrochar had HHVs (23.2 - 25.2 MJ/kg) comparable to bituminous coal. The calorific value of hydrochar accounted for more than 90% of the total energy recovery. Around 78% of phosphorus in feedstock was retained in hydrochar ash, while 15% was in process water. 72% of the initial phosphorus can be recovered as struvite when deficient Mg and NH4 are supplemented. The experiments with BLR showed stable operation for faecal waste treatment with an energy efficiency comparable to a commercial reactor system. Conclusions: This research presents a proof of concept for the hydrothermal treatment of faecal waste as an alternative sanitation technology, by providing a quantitative evaluation of the resource recovery of energy and nutrients. The experiments with the BLR demonstrate the technical feasibility of the low-cost reactor and support its further development on a larger scale to reach practical implementation.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Macintyre ◽  
Clare Strachan

This Frontiers of Sanitation draws on the Transformative WASH concept to explore and outline what may be required of WASH implementation stakeholders in efforts to support child development outcomes. The Frontiers explores the multiple ways in which inadequate sanitation, hygiene, and environmental cleanliness can affect physical and cognitive development in children. It explores areas beyond hand hygiene to consider food hygiene and broader environmental cleanliness, and beyond human faeces to consider animal faeces. What this means for practice is then discussed to outline how the WASH sector can improve current practice to best support improvements to child development outcomes and in particular opportunities for children to both survive and thrive.


Author(s):  
Maki Kitahara ◽  
Yuko Shigeno ◽  
Mari Shime ◽  
Yuki Matsumoto ◽  
Shota Nakamura ◽  
...  

Six strains of Gram-stain-negative, obligately anaerobic, non-spore-forming, non-motile rods were isolated from human faeces. Based on phylogenetic characteristics, the six isolates were included in the family Ruminococcaceae , and divided into three groups. The six isolates showed 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values lower than 96.2 % to the closely related species, Oscillibacter ruminantium GH1T, Oscillibacter valericigenes Sjm18-20T and Dysosmobacter welbiomis J115T. Coherently with the 16S rRNA gene sequence results, the in silico DNA–DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values clearly indicated that strains MM35T, MM50T and MM59T belong to different species from the closely related three species. Based on phenotypic features and phylogenetic positions, three novel species, Vescimonas coprocola gen. nov., sp. nov., Vescimonas fastidiosa gen. nov., sp. nov. and Pusillimonas faecalis gen. nov., sp. nov. are proposed. The type strain of V. coprocola is strain MM50T (=JCM 34012T=DSM 111893T). The type strain of V. fastidiosa is strain MM35T (=JCM 34016T=DSM 111899T). The type strain of P. faecalis is strain MM59T (=JCM 34011T=DSM 111669T). The DNA G+C contents estimated according to the whole genomes of strains MM35T, MM50T and MM59T were 56.4, 58.2 and 55.2 mol%, respectively.


2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (32) ◽  
pp. 166
Author(s):  
Bénédicte Sonia

La gestion des excréments humains révèle des pratiques à risque pour l’environnement en général et pour la santé des populations en particulier. D’où l’intérêt de cette étude dans les quartiers défavorisés où les difficultés en assainissement sont plus accentuées. La présente recherche s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une approche mixte. Pour ce faire, les méthodes et les techniques correspondant à l’approche qualitative et quantitative ont été utilisées pour collecter les données. Il s’agit, de la grille d’observation, du guide d’entretien et du questionnaire. L’objectif est d’analyser les représentations sociales des excréments humains dans les quartiers défavorisés du District d’Abidjan précisément à bougounisso, sagbé antenne, gbebouto, grand campement, tofiato et zimbabwé. La théorie des représentations sociales développée par Bourdieu a été mobilisée à cet effet. Elle a permis de mettre en exergue les représentations sociales des excréments humains chez les populations des quartiers défavorisés. Les résultats ont montré que la gestion des excréments humains est animée par un ensemble d’idéologie qui se résume en des croyances, des tabous et des sanctions. Il ressort que les différentes définitions des excréments humains se rapportent à la saleté, à l’impureté, aux déchets. Ils sont associés à tout ce qui est synonyme de mal, maladie, malédiction, malheur. Les croyances en rapport avec la gestion des excréments humains sont observées sur le plan religieux et culturel. Ce sont des dispositions relatives au choix du lieu de défécation et des règles d’hygiènes que le croyant doit observer. Les tabous concernent les lieux publics où il est défendu de déféquer. The management of human excreta reveals risky practices for the environment in general and for the health of populations in particular. Hence the interest of this study in disadvantaged neighborhoods where sanitation difficulties are more accentuated. This research subscribe to a mixed approach. To be done, the methods and techniques corresponding to the qualitative and quantitative approach were used to collect the data. These are observation grid, the interview guide and the questionnaire. The objective is to analyse the social representations of human excreta in disadvantaged neighborhoods of the District of Abidjan specifically in bougounisso, sagbé antenne, gbebouto, grand campement, tofiato and zimbabwé. The theory of social representations developed by Bourdieu was used for this purpose. It has made it possible to highlight the social representations of human excreta among populations in disadvantaged neighborhoods. The results showed that in traditional societies the management of human faeces is driven by a set of ideologies that boil down to beliefs, taboos and sanctions developed around human faeces and the act of defecation. It appears that the different definition of human excreta relate to dirt, impurity and waste. They are associated with everything that is synonymous with evil; disease, curse, misfortune. Beliefs related to the management of human excreta are observed on a religious and cultural level. These provisions relating of the choice of the place of defecation and the rules of hygiene that the believer must observe. The taboos refers to public places where defecation is forbidden.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Ellen Twomey ◽  
Colin Hill ◽  
Des Field ◽  
Máire Begley

Bacteriocins are bacterially produced antimicrobial peptides. Although only two peptides have been approved for use as natural preservatives foods, current research is focusing on expanding their application as potential therapeutics against clinical pathogens. Our laboratory group has been working on bacteriocins for over 25 years, and during that time, we have isolated bacteriocin-producing microorganisms from a variety of sources including human skin, human faeces, and various foods. These bacteriocins were purified and characterised, and their potential applications were examined. We have also identified bioengineered derivatives of the prototype lantibiotic nisin which possess more desirable properties than the wild-type, such as enhanced antimicrobial activity. In the current communication, we discuss the main methods that were employed to identify such peptides. Furthermore, we provide a step-by-step guide to carrying out these methods that include accompanying diagrams. We hope that our recommendations and advice will be of use to others in their search for, and subsequent analysis of, novel bacteriocins, and derivatives thereof.


Nature ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew R. Olm ◽  
Justin L. Sonnenburg
Keyword(s):  

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