scholarly journals Gaze-stabilizing central vestibular neurons project asymmetrically to extraocular motoneuron pools

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Schoppik ◽  
Isaac H. Bianco ◽  
David A. Prober ◽  
Adam D. Douglass ◽  
Drew N. Robson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Command ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Gaze Stabilization ◽  
Vestibular Neurons ◽  
Larval Zebrafish ◽  
Central Population ◽  
Reflexive Behavior ◽  
Peripheral Afferents ◽  
Sensory Encoding ◽  
Swim Bladder Inflation

Within reflex circuits, specific anatomical projections allow central neurons to relay sensations to effectors that generate movements. A major challenge is to relate anatomical features of central neural populations — such as asymmetric connectivity — to the computations the populations perform. To address this problem, we mapped the anatomy, modeled the function, and discovered a new behavioral role for a genetically-defined population of central vestibular neurons in rhombomeres 5-7 of larval zebrafish. First, we found that neurons within this central population project preferentially to motoneurons that move the eyes downward. Concor-dantly, when the entire population of asymmetrically-projecting neurons was stimulated collectively, only downward eye rotations were observed, demonstrating a functional correlate of the anatomical bias. When these neurons are ablated, fish failed to rotate their eyes following either nose-up or nose-down body tilts. This asymmetrically-projecting central population thus participates in both up and downward gaze stabilization. In addition to projecting to motoneurons, central vestibular neurons also receive direct sensory input from peripheral afferents. To infer whether asymmetric projections can facilitate sensory encoding or motor output, we modeled differentially-projecting sets of central vestibular neurons. Whereas motor command strength was independent of projection allocation, asymmetric projections enabled more accurate representation of nose-up stimuli. The model shows how asymmetric connectivity could enhance the representation of imbalance during nose-up postures while preserving gaze-stabilization performance. Finally, we found that central vestibular neurons were necessary for a vital behavior requiring maintenance of a nose-up posture: swim bladder inflation. These observations suggest that asymmetric connectivity in the vestibular system facilitates representation of ethologically-relevant stimuli without compromising reflexive behavior.Significance StatementInterneuron populations use specific anatomical projections to transform sensations into reflexive actions. Here we examined how the anatomical composition of a genetically-defined population of balance interneurons in the larval zebrafish relates to the computations it performs. First, we found that the population of interneurons that stabilize gaze preferentially project to motoneurons that move the eyes downward. Next, we discovered through modeling that such projection patterns can enhance the encoding of nose-up sensations without compromising gaze stabilization. Finally we found that loss of these interneurons impairs a vital behavior, swim bladder inflation, that relies on maintaining a nose-up posture. These observations suggest that anatomical specialization permits neural circuits to represent relevant features of the environment without compromising behavior.

Possible cues driving context-specific adaptation of optocollic reflex in pigeons (Columba livia)

2012 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 704-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henri Gioanni ◽  
Pierre-Paul Vidal
Keyword(s):  
Columba Livia ◽  
Motor Command ◽  
Slow Phase ◽  
Gaze Stabilization ◽  
Specific Adaptation ◽  
Body Vibration ◽  
Fast Phase ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Context Cues

Context-specific adaptation (Shelhamer M, Clendaniel R. Neurosci Lett 332: 200–204, 2002) explains that reflexive responses can be maintained with different “calibrations” for different situations (contexts). Which context cues are crucial and how they combine to evoke context-specific adaptation is not fully understood. Gaze stabilization in birds is a nice model with which to tackle that question. Previous data showed that when pigeons ( Columba livia) were hung in a harness and subjected to a frontal airstream provoking a flying posture (“flying condition”), the working range of the optokinetic head response [optocollic reflex (OCR)] extended toward higher velocities compared with the “resting condition.” The present study was aimed at identifying which context cues are instrumental in recalibrating the OCR. We investigated that question by using vibrating stimuli delivered during the OCR provoked by rotating the visual surroundings at different velocities. The OCR gain increase and the boost of the fast phase velocity observed during the “flying condition” were mimicked by body vibration. On the other hand, the newly emerged relationship between the fast-phase and slow-phase velocities in the “flying condition” was mimicked by head vibration. Spinal cord lesion at the lumbosacral level decreased the effects of body vibration, whereas lesions of the lumbosacral apparatus had no effect. Our data suggest a major role of muscular proprioception in the context-specific adaptation of the stabilizing behavior, while the vestibular system could contribute to the context-specific adaptation of the orienting behavior. Participation of an efferent copy of the motor command driving the flight cannot be excluded.

scholarly journals Temperature-dependent development of cardiac activity in unrestrained larvae of the minnow Phoxinus phoxinus

2000 ◽  
Vol 279 (5) ◽  
pp. R1634-R1640 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Schönweger ◽  
T. Schwerte ◽  
B. Pelster
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Cardiac Activity ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Phoxinus Phoxinus ◽  
Swim Bladder Inflation

The minnow ( Phoxinus phoxinus) was raised up to the stage of swim bladder inflation at temperatures between 10°C and 25°C, and the time of development significantly decreased at higher temperatures. Accordingly, initiation of cardiac activity was observed at day 2 in 25°C animals and at day 4 in 12.5°C animals. Only a minor increase in body mass was observed during the incubation period, and, at the end of the incubation period, animals raised at 25°C did not have a significantly lower body mass compared with animals raised at 15°C. Metabolic activity, determined as the rate of oxygen consumption of a larva, increased from 3.3 to 19.5 nmol/h during development at 15°C and from 5.6 to 47.6 nmol/h during development at 25°C. Heart rate showed a clear correlation to developmental stage as well as to developmental temperature, but at the onset of cardiac activity, diastolic ventricular volume and also stroke volume were higher at the lower temperatures. Furthermore, stroke volume increased with development, except for the group incubated at 12.5°C, in which stroke volume decreased with development. Initial cardiac output showed no correlation to incubation temperature. Although metabolic activity increased severalfold during development from egg to the stage of swim bladder inflation at 15°C and at 25°C, weight-specific cardiac output increased only by ∼40% with proceeding development. At 12.5°C, cardiac output remained almost constant until opening of the swim bladder. The data support the notion that oxygen transport is not the major function of the circulatory system at this stage of development. The changes in heart rate with temperature appear to be due to the intrinsic properties of the pacemaker; there was no indication for a regulated response.

Effect of water temperature and light intensity on swim bladder inflation and growth of red sea bream Pagrus major larvae

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoki Honryo ◽  
Michio Kurata ◽  
Dario Sandval ◽  
Saki Yamao ◽  
Amado Cano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Sea Bream ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Red Sea Bream ◽  
Pagrus Major ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Swim Bladder Inflation

Initial swim bladder inflation in the larvae of Tilapia mossambica (Peters) and Morone saxatilis (Walbaum)

Aquaculture ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.I. Doroshev ◽  
J.W. Cornacchia
Keyword(s):  
Morone Saxatilis ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Tilapia Mossambica ◽  
Swim Bladder Inflation

scholarly journals Effects of tank shapes and aerations on survival, growth and swim bladder inflation of red seabream Pagrus major larvae

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 100451
Author(s):  
Aung Naing Win ◽  
Wataru Yamazaki ◽  
Tetsuya Sumida ◽  
Atsushi Hagiwara ◽  
Yoshitaka Sakakura
Keyword(s):  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Pagrus Major ◽  
Red Seabream ◽  
Swim Bladder Inflation

Promotion of initial swim bladder inflation and effect of initial inflation failure on skeletal malformation in cultured seven-band grouperHyporthodus septemfasciatus(Thunberg)

2014 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1954-1971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaharu Tsuji ◽  
Susumu Uji ◽  
Yasushi Tsuchihashi ◽  
Kazuhiro Okada ◽  
Takeshi Kawamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Skeletal Malformation ◽  
Swim Bladder Inflation

Early life-stage toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) following embryonal exposure to selected polychlorinated biphenyls

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 529-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Şişman ◽  
F Geyikoğlu ◽  
M Atamanalp
Keyword(s):  
Polychlorinated Biphenyls ◽  
Danio Rerio ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyl ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Early Life Stage ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Swim Bladder Inflation

Polychlorinated biphenyls are a widespread aquatic contaminant. In this article, specific polychlorinated biphenyl congeners were examined for embryo and early life-stage toxicity in zebrafish ( Danio rerio). A set of three polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (non-ortho polychlorinated biphenyl 126, mono-ortho polychlorinated biphenyl 28 and di-ortho polychlorinated biphenyl 153) were tested. The typical lesions observed were yolk sac edema, vertebra defect, craniofacial malformations (double head, triple retina), anaxial body and inhibition of swim bladder inflation. Moreover, embryo and larval mortality increased and hatching success decreased. The severity of abnormalities and mortalities were concentration- and congener-dependent. Of the compounds tested, polychlorinated biphenyl congener 126 was found to be highly toxic to the fish embryos following exposure. The Lethal Concentration 50 values for polychlorinated biphenyl 28, polychlorinated biphenyl 126, polychlorinated biphenyl 153 calculated by probit analysis were 3.270, 1.298 and 5.375 ppm, respectively. The inhibition of swim bladder inflation was the most sensitive endpoint measured, and it is suggested that the inhibition of swim bladder inflation may be mediated by mechanism with an aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation.

Swim bladder inflation and survival of Mugil cephalus to 50 days

Aquaculture ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.E. Nash ◽  
C-M. Kuo ◽  
W.D. Madden ◽  
C.L. Paulsen
Keyword(s):  
Mugil Cephalus ◽  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Swim Bladder Inflation

Swim bladder inflation in larvae of cultured sand whiting, Sillago ciliata Cuvier (Sillaginidae)

Aquaculture ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 128 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 177-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen C. Battaglene ◽  
Shannon McBride ◽  
R.Bill Talbot
Keyword(s):  
Swim Bladder ◽  
Swim Bladder Inflation
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