True Power Loss Reduction by Enhanced Tree Squirrel Search, Enhanced Salp Swarm, and Swim Bladder Operation-Based Shark Optimization Algorithms

In this chapter, enhanced tree squirrel search optimization algorithm (ETSS), enhanced salp swarm algorithm (ESS), and swim bladder operation-based shark algorithm (SBS) have been applied to solve the power loss reduction problem. Enhanced tree squirrel search optimization algorithm (ETSS) utilizes the jumping exploration method and progressive exploration technique—both possess winter search strategy—in order to preserve the population diversity and to perk up the convergence speed. A new-fangled winter exploration strategy is implemented in the jumping exploration technique. In enhanced salp swarm algorithm (ESS) an inertia weight ω∈ [0, 1] is applied, which picks up the pace of convergence during the period of exploration. Then swim bladder operation-based shark algorithm (SBS) is proposed to solve the problem. Based on contracting and expanding actions of the swim bladder in shark, SBS algorithm has been modelled.

Influences of Salinity on Embryonic and Larval Development of Striped Catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus

Salinity intrusion in coastal areas due to climate change is alarming. In this study, the effects of salinity on embryonic and larval development of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) were studied experimentally. Embryos and larvae were exposed to seven salinity treatments (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 ppt), each with three replications. Considerable survivability of embryos was recorded up to 6 ppt salinity. Mortality of embryos significantly increased at 8 and 10 ppt salinity, and 100% mortality was displayed within 12 h of exposure at 12 ppt salinity. The rate of hatching was significantly reduced at 8 and 10 ppt salinity. The 24 h lethal concentration (LC50) value of salinity for embryo was 11.24 ppt. Different types of deformities, such as undeveloped yolk sac, elongated gastrula yolk sac, and yolk sac bud, were highest at 10 ppt salinity. Similar to the embryo, considerable survivability of larvae was recorded up to 6 ppt salinity, and 100% mortalities were found within 24 h of exposure at 12 ppt salinity. The 24 and 48 h LC50 values of salinity for larvae were 10.63 and 8.48 ppt, respectively. Several types of deformities, including yolk sac ulceration, spine scoliosis, tail bent, yolk sac edema, and compromised swim bladder inflation, were highest at 10 ppt salinity after 48 h of exposure. Within 24 h of exposure, about 80% yolk sac of the larvae was absorbed at 8 and 10 ppt salinity, while 30%–50% yolk sac was absorbed at 0–6 ppt salinity. Growth rates in terms of length and weight were higher at 0, 2, and 4 ppt salinity and moderate at 6 and 8 ppt salinity. Overall, the current findings define the limits to optimize hatchery procedures for the culture of this species in low saline brackish water.

Swim Bladder of Farmed Totoaba macdonaldi: A Source of Value-Added Collagen

PurposeFinding strategies to use swim bladder of farmed totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi) is of utmost need to reduce waste. Fish swim bladders are rich in collagen; hence, extracting collagen is a promising alternative with benefits for aquaculture of totoaba and the environment.MethodsThe elemental biochemical composition of totoaba swim bladders, including proximate composition and amino acid composition were determined. Acid-enzyme solubilisation (PSC) was used to extract collagen from swim bladders and its characteristics were analyzed. The alcalase and papain were used for the preparation of collagen hydrolysates.ResultsSwim bladders contained 95% protein, 2.4% fat, and 0.8% ash (dry basis). The essential amino acids content was low, but the functional amino acids content was high. The PSC yield was high, 68% (dry weight). The amino acid composition profile, electrophoretic pattern, and structural integrity analyses of the isolated collagen suggested it is typical type-I collagen with high purity. The denaturalization temperature was 34.5 °C, probably attributable to the imino acid content (205 residues/1000 residues). Papain-hydrolysates (<3 kDa) of this collagen exhibited higher radical scavenging activity than Alcalase-hydrolysates.ConclusionsSwim bladder from farmed totoaba is an ideal raw material for producing high-quality type-I collagen and a viable alternative to conventional collagen sources.Statement of NoveltyTo our knowledge, this paper is the first to examine the composition and characteristics of collagen of swim bladder from Totoaba macdonaldi. Although the processing currently wastes bladders, this study showed that they could be a potential source for producing high-quality type-I collagen.

Glycidyl methacrylate-crosslinked fish swim bladder as a novel cardiovascular biomaterial with improved antithrombotic and anticalcification properties

At present, commercial artificial biological valves are mostly prepared by crosslinking bovine or porcine pericardia with glutaraldehyde. Swim bladder has similar components and lower immunogenicity compared to bovine or porcine pericardium. In this study, we used a glycidyl methacrylate (GMA)–based radical polymerization method to crosslink decellularized swim bladders. Amino and carboxyl groups in the swim bladder were reacted with epoxy groups on GMA to introduce carbon–carbon double bonds to the swim bladder. The results showed that the platelet adhesion of GMA-crosslinked swim bladders (GMA-SBs) decreased by 35%, as compared to that of glutaraldehyde-crosslinked swim bladders (GLUT-SBs). Moreover, the superior anticoagulant property was further verified by the ex vivo arteriovenous shunt assay. Meanwhile, the subcutaneous implantation in rats showed that GMA-SBs were able to effectively inhibit the calcification compared with GLUT-SBs. In conclusion, GMA-SBs showed improved antithrombotic and anticalcification properties compared to GLUT-SBs.

The application of tissue-engineered fish swim bladder vascular graft

Small diameter (< 6 mm) prosthetic vascular grafts continue to show very low long-term patency, but bioengineered vascular grafts show promising results in preclinical experiments. To assess a new scaffold source, we tested the use of decellularized fish swim bladder as a vascular patch and tube in rats. Fresh goldfish (Carassius auratus) swim bladder was decellularized, coated with rapamycin and then formed into patches or tubes for implantation in vivo. The rapamycin-coated patches showed decreased neointimal thickness in both the aorta and inferior vena cava patch angioplasty models. Rapamycin-coated decellularized swim bladder tubes implanted into the aorta showed decreased neointimal thickness compared to uncoated tubes, as well as fewer macrophages. These data show that the fish swim bladder can be used as a scaffold source for tissue-engineering vascular patches or vessels.