scholarly journals Layer-specific inhibitory microcircuits of layer 6 interneurons in rat prefrontal cortex

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Ding ◽  
Vishalini Emmenegger ◽  
Kim Schaffrath ◽  
Dirk Feldmeyer
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Gabaergic Interneurons ◽  
Axonal Projections ◽  
Structural And Functional Properties ◽  
Associated Functions ◽  
Sensory Cortices ◽  
Fast Spiking ◽  
Frequency Burst ◽  
Cluster 2

AbstractGABAergic interneurons in different cortical areas play important roles in diverse higher order cognitive functions. The heterogeneity of interneurons is well characterized in different sensory cortices, in particular in primary somatosensory and visual cortex. However, the structural and functional properties of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) interneurons have received less attention. In this study, a cluster analysis based on axonal projection patterns revealed four distinct clusters of L6 interneurons in rat mPFC: Cluster 1 interneurons showed axonal projections similar to Martinotti-like cells extending to layer 1, cluster 2 displayed translaminar projections mostly to layer 5, cluster 3 interneuron axons were confined to the layer 6, whereas those of cluster 4 interneurons extend also into the white matter. Correlations were found between neuron location and axonal distribution in all clusters. Moreover, all cluster 1 L6 interneurons showed a monotonically adapting firing pattern with an initial high-frequency burst. All cluster 2 interneurons were fast-spiking, while neurons in cluster 3 and 4 showed heterogeneous firing patterns. Our data suggest that L6 interneurons that have distinct morphological and physiological characteristics are likely to innervate different targets in mPFC thus play differential roles in the L6 microcircuitry and in mPFC-associated functions.

scholarly journals Layer-Specific Inhibitory Microcircuits of Layer 6 Interneurons in Rat Prefrontal Cortex

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-47
Author(s):  
Chao Ding ◽  
Vishalini Emmenegger ◽  
Kim Schaffrath ◽  
Dirk Feldmeyer
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Gabaergic Interneurons ◽  
Axonal Projections ◽  
Structural And Functional Properties ◽  
Associated Functions ◽  
Sensory Cortices ◽  
Fast Spiking ◽  
Frequency Burst ◽  
Cluster 2

Abstract GABAergic interneurons in different cortical areas play important roles in diverse higher-order cognitive functions. The heterogeneity of interneurons is well characterized in different sensory cortices, in particular in primary somatosensory and visual cortex. However, the structural and functional properties of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) interneurons have received less attention. In this study, a cluster analysis based on axonal projection patterns revealed four distinct clusters of L6 interneurons in rat mPFC: Cluster 1 interneurons showed axonal projections similar to Martinotti-like cells extending to layer 1, cluster 2 displayed translaminar projections mostly to layer 5, and cluster 3 interneuron axons were confined to the layer 6, whereas those of cluster 4 interneurons extend also into the white matter. Correlations were found between neuron location and axonal distribution in all clusters. Moreover, all cluster 1 L6 interneurons showed a monotonically adapting firing pattern with an initial high-frequency burst. All cluster 2 interneurons were fast-spiking, while neurons in cluster 3 and 4 showed heterogeneous firing patterns. Our data suggest that L6 interneurons that have distinct morphological and physiological characteristics are likely to innervate different targets in mPFC and thus play differential roles in the L6 microcircuitry and in mPFC-associated functions.

Mechanisms of Dopamine Activation of Fast-Spiking Interneurons That Exert Inhibition in Rat Prefrontal Cortex

2002 ◽  
Vol 88 (6) ◽  
pp. 3150-3166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Gorelova ◽  
Jeremy K. Seamans ◽  
Charles R. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Pyramidal Neurons ◽  
Sch 23390 ◽  
Membrane Depolarization ◽  
Inward Rectifier ◽  
Repetitive Firing ◽  
Gabaergic Interneurons ◽  
Fast Spiking

Prefrontal cortical dopamine (DA) modulates pyramidal cell excitability directly and indirectly by way of its actions on local circuit GABAergic interneurons. DA modulation of interneuronal functions is implicated in the computational properties of prefrontal networks during cognitive processes and in schizophrenia. Morphologically and electrophysiologically distinct classes of putative GABAergic interneurons are found in layers II-V of rat prefrontal cortex. Our whole cell patch-clamp study shows that DA induced a direct, TTX-insensitive, reversible membrane depolarization, and increased the excitability of fast-spiking (FS) interneurons. The DA-induced membrane depolarization was reduced significantly by D1/D5 receptor antagonist SCH 23390, but not by the D2 receptor antagonist (−)sulpiride, D4 receptor antagonists U101958 or L-745870, α1-adrenoreceptor antagonist prazosin, or serotoninergic receptor antagonist mianserin. The D1/5 agonists SKF81297 or dihydrexidine, but not D2 agonist quinpirole, also induced a prolonged membrane depolarization. Voltage-clamp analyses of the voltage-dependence of DA-sensitive currents, and the effects of changing [K+]O on reversal potentials of DA responses, revealed that DA suppressed a Cs+-sensitive inward rectifier K+ current and a resting leak K+ current. D1/D5, but not D2 agonists mimicked the suppressive effects of DA on the leak current, but the DA effects on the inward rectifier K+ current were not mimicked by either agonist. In a subgroup of FS interneurons, the slowly inactivating membrane outward rectification evoked by depolarizing voltage steps was also attenuated by DA. Collectively, these data showed that DA depolarizes FS interneurons by suppressing a voltage-independent ‘leak’ K+ current (via D1/D5 receptor mechanism) and an inwardly rectifying K+ current (via unknown DA mechanisms). Additional suppression of a slowly inactivating K+ current led to increase in repetitive firing in response to depolarizing inputs. This D1-induced increase in interneuron excitability enhances GABAergic transmission to PFC pyramidal neurons and could represent a mechanism via which DA suppresses persistent firing of pyramidal neurons in vivo.

scholarly journals High-fidelity transmission of high-frequency burst stimuli from peripheral nerve to thalamic nuclei in children with dystonia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Estefanía Hernandez-Martin ◽  
Enrique Arguelles ◽  
Yifei Zheng ◽  
Ruta Deshpande ◽  
Terence D. Sanger
Keyword(s):  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Thalamic Nuclei ◽  
Frequency Burst ◽  
Deep Brain

AbstractHigh-frequency peripheral nerve stimulation has emerged as a noninvasive alternative to thalamic deep brain stimulation for some patients with essential tremor. It is not known whether such techniques might be effective for movement disorders in children, nor is the mechanism and transmission of the peripheral stimuli to central brain structures understood. This study was designed to investigate the fidelity of transmission from peripheral nerves to thalamic nuclei in children with dystonia undergoing deep brain stimulation surgery. The ventralis intermediate (VIM) thalamus nuclei showed a robust evoked response to peripheral high-frequency burst stimulation, with a greatest response magnitude to intra-burst frequencies between 50 and 100 Hz, and reliable but smaller responses up to 170 Hz. The earliest response occurred at 12–15 ms following stimulation onset, suggesting rapid high-fidelity transmission between peripheral nerve and thalamic nuclei. A high-bandwidth, low-latency transmission path from peripheral nerve to VIM thalamus is consistent with the importance of rapid and accurate sensory information for the control of coordination and movement via the cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathway. Our results suggest the possibility of non-invasive modulation of thalamic activity in children with dystonia, and therefore the possibility that a subset of children could have beneficial clinical response without the need for invasive deep brain stimulation.

scholarly journals High-frequency burst spiking in layer 5 thick-tufted pyramids of rat primary somatosensory cortex encodes exploratory touch

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christiaan P. J. de Kock ◽  
Jean Pie ◽  
Anton W. Pieneman ◽  
Rebecca A. Mease ◽  
Arco Bast ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Information Content ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Primary Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Excitatory Cell ◽  
Cortical Microcircuit ◽  
Subcortical Regions ◽  
Frequency Burst

AbstractDiversity of cell-types that collectively shape the cortical microcircuit ensures the necessary computational richness to orchestrate a wide variety of behaviors. The information content embedded in spiking activity of identified cell-types remain unclear to a large extent. Here, we recorded spike responses upon whisker touch of anatomically identified excitatory cell-types in primary somatosensory cortex in naive, untrained rats. We find major differences across layers and cell-types. The temporal structure of spontaneous spiking contains high-frequency bursts (≥100 Hz) in all morphological cell-types but a significant increase upon whisker touch is restricted to layer L5 thick-tufted pyramids (L5tts) and thus provides a distinct neurophysiological signature. We find that whisker touch can also be decoded from L5tt bursting, but not from other cell-types. We observed high-frequency bursts in L5tts projecting to different subcortical regions, including thalamus, midbrain and brainstem. We conclude that bursts in L5tts allow accurate coding and decoding of exploratory whisker touch.

Encoding properties of the wing hinge stretch receptor in the hawkmothManduca sexta

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (21) ◽  
pp. 3693-3702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Frye
Keyword(s):  
Manduca Sexta ◽  
Instantaneous Frequency ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Dynamic Deformation ◽  
Stretch Receptor ◽  
Tonic Firing ◽  
Frequency Burst ◽  
Natural Dynamic ◽  
Oscillation Rate

SUMMARYTo characterize the in vivo responses of the wing hinge stretch receptor of Manduca sexta, I recorded its activity and simultaneously tracked the up-and-down motion of the wing while the hawkmoth flew tethered in a wind tunnel. The stretch receptor fires a high-frequency burst of spikes near each dorsal stroke reversal. The onset of the burst is tightly tuned to a set-point in wing elevation, and the number of spikes contained within the burst encodes the maximal degree of wing elevation during the stroke. In an effort to characterize its mechanical encoding properties, I constructed an actuator that delivered deformations to the wing hinge and simultaneously recorded the resultant stretch and tension and the activity of the stretch receptor. Stimuli included stepwise changes in length as well as more natural dynamic deformation that was measured in vivo. Step changes in length reveal that the stretch receptor encodes the static amplitude of stretch with both phasic and tonic firing dynamics. In vivo sinusoidal deformation revealed (i) that the timing of stretch receptor activity is tightly phase-locked within the oscillation cycle, (ii) that the number of spikes per burst is inversely related to oscillation frequency and (iii) that the instantaneous frequency of the burst increases with oscillation rate. At all oscillation rates tested, the instantaneous frequency of the burst increases with amplitude.

scholarly journals Structural alterations in fast-spiking GABAergic interneurons in a model of posttraumatic neocortical epileptogenesis

2017 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 100-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Gu ◽  
Isabel Parada ◽  
Fran Shen ◽  
Judith Li ◽  
Alberto Bacci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gabaergic Interneurons ◽  
Structural Alterations ◽  
Fast Spiking

scholarly journals Changes in activity of fast-spiking interneurons of the monkey striatum during reaching at a visual target

2017 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kévin Marche ◽  
Paul Apicella
Keyword(s):  
Target Location ◽  
Visual Target ◽  
Movement Speed ◽  
Gabaergic Interneurons ◽  
Movement Preparation ◽  
Movement Initiation ◽  
Reaching Task ◽  
Advance Information ◽  
Fast Spiking ◽  
Task Conditions

Recent works highlight the importance of local inhibitory interneurons in regulating the function of the striatum. In particular, fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs), which likely correspond to a subgroup of GABAergic interneurons, have been involved in the control of movement by exerting strong inhibition on striatal output pathways. However, little is known about the exact contribution of these presumed interneurons in movement preparation, initiation, and execution. We recorded the activity of FSIs in the striatum of monkeys as they performed reaching movements to a visual target under two task conditions: one in which the movement target was presented at unsignaled left or right locations, and another in which advance information about target location was available, thus allowing monkeys to react faster. Modulations of FSI activity around the initiation of movement (53% of 55 neurons) consisted mostly of increases reaching maximal firing immediately before or, less frequently, after movement onset. Another subset of FSIs showed decreases in activity during movement execution. Rarely did movement-related changes in FSI firing depend on response direction and movement speed. Modulations of FSI activity occurring relatively early in relation to movement initiation were more influenced by the preparation for movement, compared with those occurring later. Conversely, FSI activity remained unaffected, as monkeys were preparing a movement toward a specific location and instead moved to the opposite direction when the trigger occurred. These results provide evidence that changes in activity of presumed GABAergic interneurons of the primate striatum could make distinct contributions to processes involved in movement generation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We explored the functional contributions of striatal fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs), presumed GABAergic interneurons, to distinct steps of movement generation in monkeys performing a reaching task. The activity of individual FSIs was modulated before and during the movement, consisting mostly of increased in firing rates. Changes in activity also occurred during movement preparation. We interpret this variety of modulation types at different moments of task performance as reflecting differential FSI control over distinct phases of movement.

scholarly journals High-frequency burst vagal nerve simulation therapy in a natural primate model of genetic generalized epilepsy

2017 ◽  
Vol 138 ◽  
pp. 46-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.Á. Szabó ◽  
F.S. Salinas ◽  
A.M. Papanastassiou ◽  
J. Begnaud ◽  
M. Ravan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Vagal Nerve ◽  
Primate Model ◽  
Generalized Epilepsy ◽  
Frequency Burst
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